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Word, Water, and Spirit by J. V. Fesko | A Reformed Perspective on Baptism | Covenant Theology, New Creation & Means of Grace | Reformation Heritage Paperback
Word, Water, and Spirit: A Reformed Perspective on Baptism
472 pages, Paperback
First published January 1, 2010
74 people are currently reading
346 people want to read
About the author
J.V. Fesko
48 books52 followersJ. V. Fesko graduated from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, UK, with an earned Ph.D. in theology. Dr. Fesko's interests include systematic theology, applied soteriology (union with Christ, justification and sanctification, and the ordo salutis), sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Reformed dogmatics, as well as the integration of biblical and systematic theology. He was the pastor of Geneva Orthodox Presbyterian church from 1998 to 2009. He is now presently the Academic Dean and Professor of Systematic and Historical Theology at Westminster Seminary California. He is also an ordained minister in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 52 reviews
July 14, 2021
A complete and detailed book on the reformed perspective on Baptism.
Without digging too much into different paedobaptist perspective (Classic, Klinean, Owen, etc.) This book offers a great defense on major issue that has been debated between differents confession of faith (namely, Roman Catholic, Reformed Baptist and Lutheran).
Writing on sacrementology, means of grace, recipient of baptism, covenant theology, etc. It quickly become a Go-to book on the matter and is quite easy to naviguate into the differents subjects to be really useful.
This book also start with an historical study of the Reformed perspective which is quite interesting.
IMHO, this is the most complete modern work on the subject. Fesko did a great job, great exegesis and complete systematic with a very strong analysis capacity.
Highly recommanded.
Without digging too much into different paedobaptist perspective (Classic, Klinean, Owen, etc.) This book offers a great defense on major issue that has been debated between differents confession of faith (namely, Roman Catholic, Reformed Baptist and Lutheran).
Writing on sacrementology, means of grace, recipient of baptism, covenant theology, etc. It quickly become a Go-to book on the matter and is quite easy to naviguate into the differents subjects to be really useful.
This book also start with an historical study of the Reformed perspective which is quite interesting.
IMHO, this is the most complete modern work on the subject. Fesko did a great job, great exegesis and complete systematic with a very strong analysis capacity.
Highly recommanded.
October 21, 2024
Fesko left me presbyterian
August 18, 2025
Just superb. An extremely helpful and encapsulating survey of the doctrine of baptism. Rightly understood, baptism is a great gift of God that preaches Christ to the church and to the individual, and acts as a second proclamation confirming the audible proclamation of Christ crucified and risen again.
Read
January 16, 2011Having just completed the introduction to this scholarly look at the subject of baptism, especially as it relates to a defense of the Reformed position of paedobaptism, I have been strengthened in my opinion that the doctrine of credobaptism fails to see the issue at its root. The root of the issue has little to do with water, the mode, or the means by which a person is baptized. The root of the issue is how one views the covenant of God. This is where the argument rests and it is where it must be defended (or defeated, if you are opposed to the thesis).
I will be blogging through this book at The Parchment (http://www.theparchment.net) as God permits.
I will be blogging through this book at The Parchment (http://www.theparchment.net) as God permits.
May 17, 2022
THE book on baptism in the Reformed tradition, in my humble opinion. It has three sections: historical understanding of baptism, a biblical theology of baptism (water = blessing and judgment), and a systematic theology of baptism (means of grace, ecclesiology). The final section includes a chapter on what constitutes a valid baptism, laying out the argument for why the Reformed church has historically accepted Roman Catholic baptism as valid but rejected other “baptisms” (eg. Mormon). It assumes a fair level of theological training/understanding, so it’s not an introduction to baptism in that sense. But for anyone studying baptism, it is highly recommended.
October 22, 2024
Journey through the dark and murky waters of baptismal history and doctrine with J.V. Fesko’s "Word, Water, and Spirit." Witness the Holy Spirit hover over the waters of creation, journey with Noah through the great deluge, huddle with the Israelites as they hurriedly pass through the Red Sea, and accompany the people as Joshua triumphantly leads them into the Promised Land. This work reads like a theological journey through the historic waters of Reformed doctrine on baptism. It was my latest read on the broader subject of ecclesiology, and here, Fesko meticulously traces the biblical, historical, and theological underpinnings of this sacrament, offering a robust defense of covenantal baptism within the Reformed tradition.
The work is divided into three general movements. The first seeks to trace historical developments in baptismal theology, the second surveys the doctrine of baptism, and the third introduces and defends the Presbyterian and Reformed view of baptism.
The section on the history of baptismal thought was incredibly interesting. Fesko charts how the church has understood and applied baptism throughout the centuries, treating key figures with both thoroughness and respect. It’s not just a history lesson; it’s a call to return to the confessional standards of Reformed orthodoxy, especially in a time when the sacrament of baptism has been marginalized in some circles.
Fesko doesn’t merely outline the disagreements between Catholics, Anabaptists, and Presbyterians; he explains how individual thinkers contributed to the development of theology over time. He presents opposing theologies in a way that honors their proponents and shows he is engaging with them in good faith.
In the second section, Fesko ties baptism to the larger story of redemption, drawing lines from the Old Testament covenant signs to their New Testament fulfillment in Christ. For those familiar with Reformed theology, this argument may seem familiar, yet Fesko brings fresh clarity and rigor to it. He emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant promises, making a compelling case for infant baptism. This book serves as a reminder that baptism isn’t merely a symbol; it’s a sign and seal of God’s covenant with His people. I was particularly struck by Fesko’s introduction of the concept of baptism as a sign of judgment, which is something I will ponder for a long time.
In the final section, Fesko addresses ecclesiological matters related to baptism. He discusses who should receive baptism, who should administer it, and the proper modes of baptism. His defense of the Presbyterian view against non-Presbyterian perspectives is gracious yet firm, and this is likely the section I will refer back to the most.
The tone of the book is both academic and deeply pastoral. Fesko, like any good minister, is concerned not just with proper theological understanding but with how that understanding shapes the church’s practice. His defense of infant baptism is particularly striking, as it both challenges modern individualism and roots the reader in the rich soil of covenant theology. Yet, the book is not all dry exegesis; there are moments of pastoral warmth where Fesko reminds the reader of the beauty and comfort found in God's promises.
That said, the book can be dense, especially for those not steeped in Reformed theology. Fesko doesn’t shy away from engaging with technical arguments, particularly when addressing criticisms from other theological traditions. While this makes the book a goldmine for pastors, seminarians, and serious students of theology, it may be less accessible to a lay audience. However, for those willing to invest the time, the rewards are immense.
Reformation History Books has produced a beautiful edition, featuring a clean layout and sturdy construction that make it a pleasure to read and take notes in. The book is well-organized, with each chapter building logically on the last, making it easy to reference specific arguments. The heavy paperweight is great for taking notes but makes the book quite hefty—this isn’t one you can easily throw in a backpack. Additionally, the margin space is minimal.
Overall, "Word, Water, and Spirit" stands as a monumental work in the field of Reformed sacramentology. Fesko’s thorough scholarship, pastoral tone, and commitment to the Reformed confessions make it an invaluable resource. This book isn’t just for academics; it’s for the church, reminding us that in baptism, we see God’s promises made visible. I’m glad to have read it and will be returning to it again. Now, I just need to find a similar treatment of the Eucharist in Reformed thought.
The work is divided into three general movements. The first seeks to trace historical developments in baptismal theology, the second surveys the doctrine of baptism, and the third introduces and defends the Presbyterian and Reformed view of baptism.
The section on the history of baptismal thought was incredibly interesting. Fesko charts how the church has understood and applied baptism throughout the centuries, treating key figures with both thoroughness and respect. It’s not just a history lesson; it’s a call to return to the confessional standards of Reformed orthodoxy, especially in a time when the sacrament of baptism has been marginalized in some circles.
Fesko doesn’t merely outline the disagreements between Catholics, Anabaptists, and Presbyterians; he explains how individual thinkers contributed to the development of theology over time. He presents opposing theologies in a way that honors their proponents and shows he is engaging with them in good faith.
In the second section, Fesko ties baptism to the larger story of redemption, drawing lines from the Old Testament covenant signs to their New Testament fulfillment in Christ. For those familiar with Reformed theology, this argument may seem familiar, yet Fesko brings fresh clarity and rigor to it. He emphasizes the continuity of God's covenant promises, making a compelling case for infant baptism. This book serves as a reminder that baptism isn’t merely a symbol; it’s a sign and seal of God’s covenant with His people. I was particularly struck by Fesko’s introduction of the concept of baptism as a sign of judgment, which is something I will ponder for a long time.
In the final section, Fesko addresses ecclesiological matters related to baptism. He discusses who should receive baptism, who should administer it, and the proper modes of baptism. His defense of the Presbyterian view against non-Presbyterian perspectives is gracious yet firm, and this is likely the section I will refer back to the most.
The tone of the book is both academic and deeply pastoral. Fesko, like any good minister, is concerned not just with proper theological understanding but with how that understanding shapes the church’s practice. His defense of infant baptism is particularly striking, as it both challenges modern individualism and roots the reader in the rich soil of covenant theology. Yet, the book is not all dry exegesis; there are moments of pastoral warmth where Fesko reminds the reader of the beauty and comfort found in God's promises.
That said, the book can be dense, especially for those not steeped in Reformed theology. Fesko doesn’t shy away from engaging with technical arguments, particularly when addressing criticisms from other theological traditions. While this makes the book a goldmine for pastors, seminarians, and serious students of theology, it may be less accessible to a lay audience. However, for those willing to invest the time, the rewards are immense.
Reformation History Books has produced a beautiful edition, featuring a clean layout and sturdy construction that make it a pleasure to read and take notes in. The book is well-organized, with each chapter building logically on the last, making it easy to reference specific arguments. The heavy paperweight is great for taking notes but makes the book quite hefty—this isn’t one you can easily throw in a backpack. Additionally, the margin space is minimal.
Overall, "Word, Water, and Spirit" stands as a monumental work in the field of Reformed sacramentology. Fesko’s thorough scholarship, pastoral tone, and commitment to the Reformed confessions make it an invaluable resource. This book isn’t just for academics; it’s for the church, reminding us that in baptism, we see God’s promises made visible. I’m glad to have read it and will be returning to it again. Now, I just need to find a similar treatment of the Eucharist in Reformed thought.
October 3, 2021
This is a spectacular overview of the Reformed view of the sacrament of baptism (though it deals with sacraments in general throughout the book). In Part 1 a history of sacramental doctrine is given, but limited to the West. Fesko doesn't deal with Eastern views at all. Part 2 was my favorite part of the book - Baptism as New Creation, Baptism as Covenant Judgement, and Baptism as Eschatological Judgement. There are few books that I would recommend on this subject more than this one (James Dale's volumes being another).
July 30, 2023
Many great insights regarding the redemptive historical background of circumcision and new covenant baptism. He did a great job tracing the death-resurrection/judgement/new creation themes in baptism. However, I found his case for paedobaptism lacking. As a reformed baptist myself, I believe the biblical theology/typology Fesko fleshed out better aligns with a reformed credobaptist perspective. I also found his arguments for accepting Roman Catholic baptism to be very weak. However, I would say it’s worth the read for both reformed baptists and presbyterians.
May 12, 2025
Really more of a 4.5/5 for me. While I may not agree with every conclusion, nor each argument that was set forth, this is a most thorough and helpful work on the Reformed view of Baptism.
If you’re looking for quick answers to the questions of subject and mode, this may not be the book for you (Murray’s “Christian Baptism” is great). But if you wish to see the scriptural and covenantal unfolding of Baptism, then this is your book.
If you’re looking for quick answers to the questions of subject and mode, this may not be the book for you (Murray’s “Christian Baptism” is great). But if you wish to see the scriptural and covenantal unfolding of Baptism, then this is your book.
January 3, 2023
Baptism is taken for granted most of the time. I have a much deeper appreciation for the sacrament after reading this. Exploring what the breadth of scripture has to say about it helped broaden and deepen my understanding of baptism. The Reformed understanding definitely makes the most sense of all that scripture says about the sacraments.
June 4, 2023
Superb. So many lightbulb moments. Your soteriology is revealed in your sacramentology. Studying this book is a way of reverse-checking your soteriology. The biblical-theological analysis is something I've never read elsewhere. Fesko proves the first baptism reference is Genesis 1:2; then the whole Bible speaks to baptism. Will read again soon.
June 29, 2017
By far the most thorough and comprehensive work on Baptism that I have read!
May 22, 2021
This is the best most comprehensive book on baptism from a Reformed perspective. If the size scares you just read Part 2 and Part 3. Highly recommended!
March 19, 2022
An excellent book covering the Reformed perspective on baptism. This book is a remarkable accomplishment and a worthy resource even for those who disagree. There is a really good chance this moves the needle toward a Reformed understanding of baptism for me. Regardless, I appreciate the canonical approach that Fesko takes and how the rich tapestry of Scripture ought to inform our doctrine of baptism. He addresses questions thoughtfully and put in an immense amount of research in order to engage other views respectfully on their own terms. His is a compelling account for how we ought to think of baptism.
Fesko is a very clear thinker, and I admire his approach a lot. I wish more doctrinal books would begin with how particular doctrines develop. It really helps to show which questions and concerns have framed the discussion over time and draws on a host of voices to clarify where the differences truly are. After doing so, his biblical theological exposition of the doctrine was breathtaking. The evidence is overwhelming that water baptism did not come out of nowhere in the New Testament, and we don't have to look outside the Bible to find its influences. Fesko's clear exposition shows very clearly that the biblical theological themes point to baptism as a sign of new life, of covenant judgment, and of eschatological judgment. Finally, his ability to collect all of the exegetical and theological data to construct a positive doctrine of baptism in terms of systematic theology was so clear because of all of the previous ground work that had been laid. His conclusions were not hard to follow on these points because everything had been set up so well. The doctrine is not an easy one to fully understand, indeed it is a mystery, but I appreciate the clarifying exposition that Fesko brings to the topic.
In sum, Fesko drove many points home clearly that must be dealt with in order to disagree with his fundamental positions on the sacrament of baptism. One is that anything but a canonical approach to the doctrine is myopic. Another is that baptism must be understood along with and not abstracted from the covenant. The truth of God is not revealed to us in a school but comes in Christ and in covenant. As a result, the signs of the covenant, like the covenant itself, must convey both blessing and sanction. Also, what does baptism speak? Is it our profession, or is it the promise of God? Was Augustine right that the sacraments are ordained by God as "visible words" to sign and seal the covenants to us? Finally, what is the administrative ground of the sacrament? Is it a subjective conversion experience, or is it the divinely instituted word of promise to its proper subjects, which is effectual only to those who heed the necessarily accompanying Word and place their faith in Christ, who underwent the judgment waters of his crucifixion in the place of his own?
There is a lot to take in from this work, and no matter where you stand on the questions regarding baptism, I believe you will be led to praise the covenant God who has given us Christ and that which preaches him.
Fesko is a very clear thinker, and I admire his approach a lot. I wish more doctrinal books would begin with how particular doctrines develop. It really helps to show which questions and concerns have framed the discussion over time and draws on a host of voices to clarify where the differences truly are. After doing so, his biblical theological exposition of the doctrine was breathtaking. The evidence is overwhelming that water baptism did not come out of nowhere in the New Testament, and we don't have to look outside the Bible to find its influences. Fesko's clear exposition shows very clearly that the biblical theological themes point to baptism as a sign of new life, of covenant judgment, and of eschatological judgment. Finally, his ability to collect all of the exegetical and theological data to construct a positive doctrine of baptism in terms of systematic theology was so clear because of all of the previous ground work that had been laid. His conclusions were not hard to follow on these points because everything had been set up so well. The doctrine is not an easy one to fully understand, indeed it is a mystery, but I appreciate the clarifying exposition that Fesko brings to the topic.
In sum, Fesko drove many points home clearly that must be dealt with in order to disagree with his fundamental positions on the sacrament of baptism. One is that anything but a canonical approach to the doctrine is myopic. Another is that baptism must be understood along with and not abstracted from the covenant. The truth of God is not revealed to us in a school but comes in Christ and in covenant. As a result, the signs of the covenant, like the covenant itself, must convey both blessing and sanction. Also, what does baptism speak? Is it our profession, or is it the promise of God? Was Augustine right that the sacraments are ordained by God as "visible words" to sign and seal the covenants to us? Finally, what is the administrative ground of the sacrament? Is it a subjective conversion experience, or is it the divinely instituted word of promise to its proper subjects, which is effectual only to those who heed the necessarily accompanying Word and place their faith in Christ, who underwent the judgment waters of his crucifixion in the place of his own?
There is a lot to take in from this work, and no matter where you stand on the questions regarding baptism, I believe you will be led to praise the covenant God who has given us Christ and that which preaches him.
August 2, 2025
It’s going to be hard to put into words what this book will mean to my walk long term, and even just right now. But I do believe this will be a foundational book, one I will go back to, and recommend to people for some time. Word, Water, and Spirit… A Reformed Perspective on Baptism. Part of me wishes there was no “new” or “old” testament, that there was just “testament.” No book titles or chapters or verses. But what would it look like if a faithful Christian took the Bible as a whole, a stream of continuity that is unlike anything else. The beauty of redemptive history and biblical theology. To read the Bible through the lens of redemptive history, and to read the Bible - huge word here - COVENANTALLY is to read it faithfully IMO. And this book does an outstanding job creating that lens in 400 pages. The paradigms that begin to be uncovered, the grace discovered, and the clarity that the author of life has revealed to us start to come out. Not to mention the first half of the book, which is historical theology, put you in a Petri dish compared to the history of our faith. To sit uncomfortably, to sit in diversity, and to sit in disagreement with other Christians can only bring God glory. How can so many people disagree on so many things throughout all time yet remain in perfect unity? To hold onto these Christians is to hold onto Christ. To separate myself from them would be separation of the body, which ultimately is separation from Christ. Christ is where his body is. I believe this book is a must read for any Protestant.
A sampler paradigm —>
10 This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised.
11 You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you.
12 He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Every male throughout your generations, whether born in your house or bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring,
13 both he who is born in your house and he who is bought with your money, shall surely be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant.
(Genesis 17:10-13)
38 And Peter said to them, "Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
39 For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself." (Acts 2:38)
A sampler paradigm —>
10 This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised.
11 You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you.
12 He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Every male throughout your generations, whether born in your house or bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring,
13 both he who is born in your house and he who is bought with your money, shall surely be circumcised. So shall my covenant be in your flesh an everlasting covenant.
(Genesis 17:10-13)
38 And Peter said to them, "Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit.
39 For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself." (Acts 2:38)
April 22, 2022
Man this is good, so much good theology about the sacraments that it made me feel small for ever under-ascribing so much grace from God that they are to us believers. I think any Christian would be greatly benefited by reading this book, but a word of caution that it is academic in nature and at times can be dense. Overall its a fantastic systematic theology of baptism.
As for the Presbyterian argument 👀… Dr. Fesko does make a convincing argument but I’d still say I’m on the fence
As for the Presbyterian argument 👀… Dr. Fesko does make a convincing argument but I’d still say I’m on the fence
July 19, 2024
Thorough Discussion
Pastor Fesko's book on baptism contains many excellent considerations. What I considered most intriguing was the way in which he ties together baptism with the new heavens and new earth.
Pastor Fesko's book on baptism contains many excellent considerations. What I considered most intriguing was the way in which he ties together baptism with the new heavens and new earth.
March 23, 2022
This book, among and on top of others, made my understanding and conviction for paedobaptist covenant theology decisive.
Read
June 24, 2023“The church must recognize that baptism is first and foremost God’s covenant sign and that it points ultimately to the work of the triune Lord, not the efforts of man.”, p. 393
August 10, 2016
For the person just beginning to explore the reformed understanding of baptism, including the idea that infants are proper recipients of the sign, this book is probably too much information. But for the person looking for a more detailed and comprehensive biblical treatment of the subject, this book is hard to beat.
Fesko's fundamental premise is that one must begin in Genesis to fully understand baptism. "Any treatment of the doctrine that does not take the Old Testament origins of baptism into account has hardly scratched the surface regarding its historical significance." (259). Two passages that are frequently mentioned, but rarely discussed in other treatments of baptism, are 1 Cor. 10:1-4, where Paul links the Red Sea crossing to baptism, and 1 Peter 3:20-21, which links Noah's flood to baptism. In both cases, baptism is a sign of salvation for those who believe, but of judgment for those who don't.
Fesko also addresses two assumptions that are fundamental to the Baptist position: one is that baptism is primarily a personal "oath pledge" from the one being baptized, and the other is the assumption that baptism is the sign of a fully regenerative new covenant.
To the first assumption, Fesko shows that baptism is more a sign of God's covenant promises than anything else; it is a sign of the gospel, not of a person's response to the Gospel. "To ground the application of the sign of the covenant on a profession of faith shifts the soteric center of gravity away from God to man." (360). To the second assumption, Fesko notes that a distinction must be made in the administration of baptism between the visible church and election. They are not one and the same. "Baptism therefore must be coordinated not with election into the invisible church but with covenant, the context in which election is revealed." (321).
Words like "soteric" show you this book is not for beginners, but anyone wrestling with the intricate theological details of baptism will find this extremely helpful and enlightening.
Fesko's fundamental premise is that one must begin in Genesis to fully understand baptism. "Any treatment of the doctrine that does not take the Old Testament origins of baptism into account has hardly scratched the surface regarding its historical significance." (259). Two passages that are frequently mentioned, but rarely discussed in other treatments of baptism, are 1 Cor. 10:1-4, where Paul links the Red Sea crossing to baptism, and 1 Peter 3:20-21, which links Noah's flood to baptism. In both cases, baptism is a sign of salvation for those who believe, but of judgment for those who don't.
Fesko also addresses two assumptions that are fundamental to the Baptist position: one is that baptism is primarily a personal "oath pledge" from the one being baptized, and the other is the assumption that baptism is the sign of a fully regenerative new covenant.
To the first assumption, Fesko shows that baptism is more a sign of God's covenant promises than anything else; it is a sign of the gospel, not of a person's response to the Gospel. "To ground the application of the sign of the covenant on a profession of faith shifts the soteric center of gravity away from God to man." (360). To the second assumption, Fesko notes that a distinction must be made in the administration of baptism between the visible church and election. They are not one and the same. "Baptism therefore must be coordinated not with election into the invisible church but with covenant, the context in which election is revealed." (321).
Words like "soteric" show you this book is not for beginners, but anyone wrestling with the intricate theological details of baptism will find this extremely helpful and enlightening.
January 23, 2014
This comes closer to a comprehensive Reformed theology of baptism than anything else I know. Its relative brevity and accessibility make it that much more impressive. Of course, Reformed sacramental theology comprises a spectrum from all-but-Lutheran to all-but-Zwinglian. This book is probably a bit more high-sacramental than the average American Reformed person, likely because of the author's historical perspective. It also gives a Reformed perspective on other Christian traditions' baptismal views. Obviously it disagrees with them, but the disagreement is both informed and charitable.
March 1, 2021
What does your baptism mean to you? And more importantly, what does it mean to God? In Word, Water, & Spirit, J. V. Fesko shows us a reformed perspective on baptism.
In the preface of the book, Fesko makes it clear that he hopes his readers see and understand why baptism is important, and why - as a sign of the covenant - it should be administered to children. While I come from a Reformed Baptist background that does not practice infant baptism, I found Fesko’s writing and reasoning to be clear and consistent.
Visible Covenantal Promise
Part 1 of the book presents the history of the doctrine of baptism. Starting at the patristic period, Fesko looks at the Didache - also known as The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. It is dated between 100-120 AD and reflected the practices of the early Jewish-Christian community.
Luther and Zwingli are also studied, and Calvin takes elements from them all. Interestingly, he saw the sacraments as seals: the sacraments are “visible covenantal promises that are an authoritative seal to God’s Word.”
Priesthood and Prophets
Part 2 presents a Biblical-Theological survey of the doctrine. This was the most intriguing part of the book for me because it examined the suggested origins of baptism. While Jewish proselyte baptism is considered, the Old Testament Levitical and prophetic antecedents seem to hold the strongest connections. Washing and water-cleansing in the priesthood and prophets point to the forgiveness of sins, the presence of the Holy Spirit, and the theme of the new creation.
What I found most persuasive was how Fesko explains the New Testament interpretation of the flood and the Red Sea crossing. The glory cloud-Spirit connects baptism and the newness of life with the washing of regeneration.
Hope and Redemption
Part 3 looks at the systematic-theological construction of the doctrine. It goes into more detail when looking at our means of grace in the Word and sacrament. Fesko answered my questions in regards to paeocommunion, and he ultimately finds it to be illegitimate.
Throughout this academic book, Fesko is fair in presenting a historical account of baptism, arguments for and against infant baptism, and coming to sound conclusions. I understand his arguments, and I am encouraged to see the emphasis on God defining his covenants, standing behind his promises, and administering our baptism. It’s a sign of hope and redemption. And it’s a sign and seal of our safe passage.
I received a media copy of Word, Water, and Spirit and this is my honest review.
In the preface of the book, Fesko makes it clear that he hopes his readers see and understand why baptism is important, and why - as a sign of the covenant - it should be administered to children. While I come from a Reformed Baptist background that does not practice infant baptism, I found Fesko’s writing and reasoning to be clear and consistent.
Visible Covenantal Promise
Part 1 of the book presents the history of the doctrine of baptism. Starting at the patristic period, Fesko looks at the Didache - also known as The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles. It is dated between 100-120 AD and reflected the practices of the early Jewish-Christian community.
Luther and Zwingli are also studied, and Calvin takes elements from them all. Interestingly, he saw the sacraments as seals: the sacraments are “visible covenantal promises that are an authoritative seal to God’s Word.”
Priesthood and Prophets
Part 2 presents a Biblical-Theological survey of the doctrine. This was the most intriguing part of the book for me because it examined the suggested origins of baptism. While Jewish proselyte baptism is considered, the Old Testament Levitical and prophetic antecedents seem to hold the strongest connections. Washing and water-cleansing in the priesthood and prophets point to the forgiveness of sins, the presence of the Holy Spirit, and the theme of the new creation.
What I found most persuasive was how Fesko explains the New Testament interpretation of the flood and the Red Sea crossing. The glory cloud-Spirit connects baptism and the newness of life with the washing of regeneration.
Hope and Redemption
Part 3 looks at the systematic-theological construction of the doctrine. It goes into more detail when looking at our means of grace in the Word and sacrament. Fesko answered my questions in regards to paeocommunion, and he ultimately finds it to be illegitimate.
Throughout this academic book, Fesko is fair in presenting a historical account of baptism, arguments for and against infant baptism, and coming to sound conclusions. I understand his arguments, and I am encouraged to see the emphasis on God defining his covenants, standing behind his promises, and administering our baptism. It’s a sign of hope and redemption. And it’s a sign and seal of our safe passage.
I received a media copy of Word, Water, and Spirit and this is my honest review.
February 26, 2024
Uma obra mto relevante, profunda, reformada e bíblica.
Na primeira parte, Fesko lida com a história do batismo, tanto de sua eficácia, modo de administração e relação com as alianças. Acredito que na parte da patrística o autor podia ter lidado mais profundamente com os argumentos a favor do pedobatismo na igreja primitiva e respondido os argumentos credobatistas que supostamente provam que a igreja primitiva não administrava batismo a crianças (o autor lida com o uso de alguns batistas de Tertualino, mostrando que esse uso é absolutamente impróprio, mas poderia ter pelo menos citado os argumentos de Kurt Aland e mostrado seus erros.
Quando se fala da doutrina do batismo na reforma, acredito que de maneira geral é bem retratada. As diferenças com a igreja católica tbm. Contudo, lendo os autores reformados tenho a percepção que eles uniam mto mais o símbolo a coisa significado. Se prestar bem atenção nas próprias citações dadas por Fesko, é possível ver que os reformados tinham em alta visão o batismo e sua eficácia (por meio do Espírito Santo, porém sempre conectada ao ato do batismo físico). O trabalho do Dr. Liberma demonstra, por exemplo, que Calvino via o batismo como simbólico, paralelo e instrumental para a salvação. Dessa forma, eles não faziam uma divisão acentuada entre o batismo com o Espírito e o batismo físico. Embora o autor do livro não faça tal divisão explicitamente, implicitamente parece que o modo de pensar memorialista ainda está impregnado. Após disso, o autor lida com o batismo na ortodoxia reformada (vejo os mesmo problemas citados acima). Posteriormente, lida com o batismo na teologia moderna, um bom tratamento.
Na segunda parte, a que eu considero a melhor e que vale a pena a leitura desse livro, fala sobre algumas conexões do batismo com figuras do antigo testamento. Sensacional. Mostra como o batismo está associado a nova vida, ao Espírito Santo, ao êxodo, nova criação, salvacao e condenacao. Eu só não consigo entender como o batismo tem toda essa simbologia e o autor não ter uma altíssima visão sobre a eficácia do mesmo.
Na terceira parte, trata-se do batismo em si. Um bom tratamento. Na minha opinião, o melhor capítulo é o primeiro dessa seção, sobre meios de graça.
Livro recomendadíssimo!
Na primeira parte, Fesko lida com a história do batismo, tanto de sua eficácia, modo de administração e relação com as alianças. Acredito que na parte da patrística o autor podia ter lidado mais profundamente com os argumentos a favor do pedobatismo na igreja primitiva e respondido os argumentos credobatistas que supostamente provam que a igreja primitiva não administrava batismo a crianças (o autor lida com o uso de alguns batistas de Tertualino, mostrando que esse uso é absolutamente impróprio, mas poderia ter pelo menos citado os argumentos de Kurt Aland e mostrado seus erros.
Quando se fala da doutrina do batismo na reforma, acredito que de maneira geral é bem retratada. As diferenças com a igreja católica tbm. Contudo, lendo os autores reformados tenho a percepção que eles uniam mto mais o símbolo a coisa significado. Se prestar bem atenção nas próprias citações dadas por Fesko, é possível ver que os reformados tinham em alta visão o batismo e sua eficácia (por meio do Espírito Santo, porém sempre conectada ao ato do batismo físico). O trabalho do Dr. Liberma demonstra, por exemplo, que Calvino via o batismo como simbólico, paralelo e instrumental para a salvação. Dessa forma, eles não faziam uma divisão acentuada entre o batismo com o Espírito e o batismo físico. Embora o autor do livro não faça tal divisão explicitamente, implicitamente parece que o modo de pensar memorialista ainda está impregnado. Após disso, o autor lida com o batismo na ortodoxia reformada (vejo os mesmo problemas citados acima). Posteriormente, lida com o batismo na teologia moderna, um bom tratamento.
Na segunda parte, a que eu considero a melhor e que vale a pena a leitura desse livro, fala sobre algumas conexões do batismo com figuras do antigo testamento. Sensacional. Mostra como o batismo está associado a nova vida, ao Espírito Santo, ao êxodo, nova criação, salvacao e condenacao. Eu só não consigo entender como o batismo tem toda essa simbologia e o autor não ter uma altíssima visão sobre a eficácia do mesmo.
Na terceira parte, trata-se do batismo em si. Um bom tratamento. Na minha opinião, o melhor capítulo é o primeiro dessa seção, sobre meios de graça.
Livro recomendadíssimo!
August 31, 2025
Fesko is to be highly commended for this book. It is a thorough and excellent overview of Baptism from the whole of Scripture.
The first section focuses on the historical theology of baptism. While I trust it will prove useful, I chose to begin with section two. Here, Fesko starts (as I believe one must) by grounding baptism in the full sweep of redemptive history—not with John the Baptist, but with the opening chapters of Genesis. Did you know that baptism begins in Genesis 1:2? It is tied to the waters of new creation, through which God in Christ is making all things new by the work of the Spirit. Baptism, Fesko shows, is not only a sign of blessing and renewal but also of covenantal and eschatological judgment. It does not appear suddenly in the New Testament but is developed organically throughout the biblical narrative.
The final section presents a systematic construction of the doctrine, including helpful treatment of baptism as a "means of grace," whether it qualifies as a "sacrament," and how it relates to the church and its recipients. One of the most significant takeaways for me was Fesko’s emphasis on the objective nature of the sacraments. Just as the Word remains God’s Word even when read aloud by an unbeliever, so too baptism remains God's act—not primarily defined by the one administering it or receiving it, but as a visible Word spoken by God Himself. His explanation of baptism as a “sign and seal” was also illuminating. Finally, his demonstration that circumcision was indeed a sign of the gospel and the connection between the Abrahamic covenant and the new covenant were both very convincing.
This is probably the most scholarly work I've worked through on baptism but also one of the most helpful. I still remain with the Baptists and will begin to more earnestly pursue and explanation that could keep me there but the Reformed appear to have searched the scriptures and found these things to be true.
Postscript: James White has lamented in debates on this subject that Reformed Baptists read all of the Paedobaptists works but that the favor isn't often returned in discussions. Fesko definitely bucks that stereotype interacting with many baptistic writers from Fred Malone, Paul Jewett, Thomas Schreiner, and others.
The first section focuses on the historical theology of baptism. While I trust it will prove useful, I chose to begin with section two. Here, Fesko starts (as I believe one must) by grounding baptism in the full sweep of redemptive history—not with John the Baptist, but with the opening chapters of Genesis. Did you know that baptism begins in Genesis 1:2? It is tied to the waters of new creation, through which God in Christ is making all things new by the work of the Spirit. Baptism, Fesko shows, is not only a sign of blessing and renewal but also of covenantal and eschatological judgment. It does not appear suddenly in the New Testament but is developed organically throughout the biblical narrative.
The final section presents a systematic construction of the doctrine, including helpful treatment of baptism as a "means of grace," whether it qualifies as a "sacrament," and how it relates to the church and its recipients. One of the most significant takeaways for me was Fesko’s emphasis on the objective nature of the sacraments. Just as the Word remains God’s Word even when read aloud by an unbeliever, so too baptism remains God's act—not primarily defined by the one administering it or receiving it, but as a visible Word spoken by God Himself. His explanation of baptism as a “sign and seal” was also illuminating. Finally, his demonstration that circumcision was indeed a sign of the gospel and the connection between the Abrahamic covenant and the new covenant were both very convincing.
This is probably the most scholarly work I've worked through on baptism but also one of the most helpful. I still remain with the Baptists and will begin to more earnestly pursue and explanation that could keep me there but the Reformed appear to have searched the scriptures and found these things to be true.
Postscript: James White has lamented in debates on this subject that Reformed Baptists read all of the Paedobaptists works but that the favor isn't often returned in discussions. Fesko definitely bucks that stereotype interacting with many baptistic writers from Fred Malone, Paul Jewett, Thomas Schreiner, and others.
May 11, 2018
Hard to imagine a better, more-comprehensive book on baptism than this work by Fesko. Wow. This is not light reading… the first 200 pages of this 400-page book recount the historical developments on the theology of baptism. Though that might not sound like super fun reading to a lot of people, I found Fesko’s layout of these historical developments very helpful. The key to the theology in this book (and to any sound, biblical theology, for that matter) is that the author does not simply look up verses in the New Testament that say the word “baptism” and develop a theology of baptism from that, but rather he traces the themes of baptism (and sacrament) throughout the entire Bible (Genesis to Revelation). As he states, “doctrine must be built on the whole of Scripture, not merely the New Testament” (page 5). One must “look at the whole of Scripture to understand any one part” (page 5). Fesko does this (and amazingly well) in his presentation of baptism. His commitment to “canonical theology” makes for a sound, biblical presentation of baptism. Starting with Genesis 1:2, moving on to the Noahic flood, and the Red Sea crossing, Fesko builds a biblical doctrine of baptism that takes all of Scripture into account. Key themes, such as Christ and covenant, grace and judgment, new creation, covenant judgment, and eschatological judgment are all handled with clarity and precision. This is a phenomenal, theological work.
June 28, 2025
Fesko does an effective job at laying out a well defended position on baptism and its multiple facets. While I can get on board with him with some of these, he also makes some exegetical jumps that I don't find to be well founded. While I can agree with him on his linking of baptism to the covenant, I disagree with him broadening the covenant to the children of Christians. He makes the argument that Christ's Church is a mixed body of believers and unbelievers utilizing Augustine's language of the visible and invisible Church. While I do agree that the Church has been mixed, I do not believe that this is something we should do intentionally by bringing our children in. Jesus covenant is to believers, or as He says in John 3, those who are born again. Other than this, however, I find Fesko's work to be compelling and a generally agreeable plot of what baptism truly represents and does in the Christian life.
April 12, 2024
Excellent, in-depth study of the doctrine of baptism from a Reformed perspective. Significance of baptism explained in a fuller way than in most treatments, due especially to Fesko's basing his systematic explanation of baptism on his exploration of the biblical-theological data. Clear and persuasive cases made for paedobaptism and the validity of RCC baptisms.
Only reason I went with 4/5 stars is that I feel like the historical section (which I nevertheless appreciated) was longer than necessary, particularly in the sections on Reformed orthodoxy. I'm also not convinced that the chapter on modern theology was necessary for the purpose of *this* book, given that it only explored developments that were either entirely disconnected from, or very tangential to, "A Reformed Perspective on Baptism" (the subtitle).
Only reason I went with 4/5 stars is that I feel like the historical section (which I nevertheless appreciated) was longer than necessary, particularly in the sections on Reformed orthodoxy. I'm also not convinced that the chapter on modern theology was necessary for the purpose of *this* book, given that it only explored developments that were either entirely disconnected from, or very tangential to, "A Reformed Perspective on Baptism" (the subtitle).
August 15, 2021
The standard for many decades to come. The most thorough book on baptism from the reformed perspective that I can think of. Easily in the top 5 of all the books that I've read.
The books has 3 parts: Historical theology which looks at the development of the doctrine of baptism in various traditions; Biblical theology in which he shows the testimony of the whole bible from Genesis to Revelation on baptism as new creation, covenant judgement, and eschatological judgement; and finally Systematic theology, in which he thoroughly explains baptism proper, mode and recipients as well as its relation to ecclesiology.
I learned much and my convictions were strengthened and in some areas very well challenged.
The books has 3 parts: Historical theology which looks at the development of the doctrine of baptism in various traditions; Biblical theology in which he shows the testimony of the whole bible from Genesis to Revelation on baptism as new creation, covenant judgement, and eschatological judgement; and finally Systematic theology, in which he thoroughly explains baptism proper, mode and recipients as well as its relation to ecclesiology.
I learned much and my convictions were strengthened and in some areas very well challenged.
April 28, 2019
The best book on baptism I have read so far. Historical theology, biblical theology and systematic theology combined into one volume, nobody (regardless of are they of paedo or credo persuasion) comes even near to how comprehensive and deep is Fesko's book. All of my questions were answered, which does not happen too often.
January 4, 2021
This book is a wonderfully comprehensive overview of the sacrament of baptism through church history, biblically, and systematically. The application for believers is immediate and clear, and Fesko helps us to better understand some of the nuanced language used by different theologians and denominations. This will be a book that I revisit frequently.
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