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70 pages, Paperback
First published March 25, 2014
The consequences of Agent Orange exposure are numerous and pernicious including an increased risk for cancer, miscarriages, and other diseases. However, the effect of dioxin as a teratogen, a substance that alters the health of a fetus while in utero, is particularly harmful. Studies have shown that exposure to TCDD through air, food, or soil leads to higher percentages of birth defects, most notably spina bifida, cleft lip and palate, neural tube defects, heart disease, and stillbirths.2 Within Vietnam, towns that were exposed to higher concentrations of Agent Orange have greater birth defects compared to towns with less exposure.2 Particularly, a recent study, found that in 2020 children from southern Vietnam had a higher prevalence of congenital heart disease (CDH) compared to children from northern Vietnam.3 This pattern is consistent with deployment sites of Agent Orange during the war.
The difficult process and high temperatures required to break down TCDD, has resulted in little clearance of the toxin from the environment. In fact, current levels of dioxin in Vietnamese soils are approximately equal to TCDD contamination levels in Agent Orange during the Vietnam war.3 One cause of these high contamination levels is that TCDD sprayed in river beds and mountains migrates to agricultural lowlands of Vietnam, polluting produce.3 The community’s continual exposure to the toxic chemical via indirect sources, such as local food, perpetuates the effects of the teratogen.3 Despite these consequences, little research has been conducted to analyze the effects of TCDD on the Vietnamese community.