Missing Virtues, Moral Revolutions
Michael Austin calls for loving humility in contemporary Christianity. Virtuous character, Christ-like habits conducive to human flourishing achieved by emulating exemplars, is underdeveloped. The answer is rediscovery and revival. Humility moves from understanding humility and love as virtues to applying them to Christian life and cultural engagement.
Austin develops a Christ-centered virtue theory of humble love. Jesus renounces status and serves others. Jesus’ self-lowering is especially humble in contrasting with his status and connection with the Father. Jesus’ love is emphasized by his care for outsiders. Christians model Christ by giving of themselves. This takes the focus off power and prestige and onto a unity creating community. He then applies loving humility to other virtues, arguing humility positively impacts faith, wisdom, compassion, and justice. Negatively, for example, humility addresses our intellectual, moral, and spiritual pride. He also applies love to self-control and courage. For example, self-control is loving, as it is a way of directing love towards oneself. Further, self-control moderates our actions towards others. Love, further, can enhance courage by modelling ourselves on martyrs. Finally, love answers sloth, a failure of sensitivity to love’s call.
After building a theory of humble love, Austin applies it. He connects the classic spiritual disciplines, such as service, solitude, and scripture reading, to developing loving humility in the church. This chapter, consisting mainly of a summary of Dietrich Bonhoeffer’s Life Together, is the book’s largest. Each avenue of Christian practice provides space to express virtue and challenge vice. In the following chapter, we find an application to issues surrounding evangelism and broader cultural engagement. Most notably, love weakens the vice of antagonism in the culture wars. Likewise, humility addresses the vice of vainglory, reducing polarization by letting go of status. Practically, Christians can emphasize a whole life ethic rather than merely being anti-abortion. The conclusion reflects on perseverance in Christlikeness.
Majestic Virtues, Missing Voices
Austin’s work is pastoral, accessible, and engaging. He passionately connects virtue with practice. To see whether he succeeds, consider Humility’s motivation, theory, and application.
Austin is an applied virtue ethicist. His work addresses sport, gun violence, and parenthood (hopefully not simultaneously!). As a philosopher, he could distinguish, argue, compare, and develop views. Writing to a popular audience, he could then use extended, concrete cases illustrating his research. For example, John Schellenberg’s Religion After Science popularizes Schellenberg’s work on religion and epistemic humility. Amy Olberding does the same for Confucian civility and contemporary polarization in The Wrong of Rudeness. Popular, applied Stoicism is ubiquitous. Such work is good. Humility, though, contains little of Austin’s insight instead closely summarizing his influences, such as Bonhoeffer and Dallas Willard or offering general but lengthy scriptural exegesis. This leaves him popularizing already accessible work, practically applying the practically applied. Austin undoubtedly has a pastoral heart. That is no reason to rewrite Life Together.
Consider, then, Austin’s theory. He discusses humility as a moral virtue. Religious humility, as Schellenberg and Kevin Vallier argue, also functions as an epistemic and civic virtue, respectively. Moral humility has political and epistemic implications and vice versa. Consider faith, a virtue naturally connected with (epistemic) humility. It is unclear Austin knows of debates on the norms, nature, and normativity of faith beyond a crude belief-plus model of faith’s nature or evidentialist objections to faith’s normativity. This is puzzling. Not only might faith not require belief, non-believing faith plausibly is epistemically humbler. Austin’s development of humility as a civic virtue is also concerning. Vallier argues against religious anti-liberalism’s theological source as others do with Christian Nationalism. Politics’ antagonism may be symptomatic of deeper political theologies. Answering their arguments is an antidote, yet Humility’s approach is vague. Austin’s academic work, which Humility popularizes, even argued against applying prominent, core humility-based approaches to pluralism and toleration. When humility commends conciliation, Austin abandons humility for evangelical credibility. Thus, Austin under-describes vices’ sources and addresses their symptoms when humility’s norms are not apologetically useful.
Finally, Austin’s application examples range from racism to the culture wars, problems particularly prevalent in his evangelical community. Despite evident potential for risk-taking, repentance, and relevance, he shies away from addressing them in detail and depth. Had he focused on two streams – a developmental reflection on racism, (non-violent) resistance, and religion and a bridge-building conversation with radical others – Humility would have been revolutionary. Even when self-reflective, Austin often emphasizes the innocuous (e.g., debates over permitting alcohol). Rare moments of deep controversy inside evangelicalism include his criticism of attacks against Critical Race Theory, cautions against COVID conspiracies, and criticizing the merely anti-abortion. I wish the entire book had this admirable, risk-taking approach. Austin is a leader in evangelical philosophy. Self-sacrificially using that status could build bridges by showing connections with those beyond the apparent evangelical spectrum. Like Jesus, he could do this in ways that sacrifice status (e.g., apologist, conservative evangelical) for the sake of a radical other (e.g., deconstructionist, skeptic). I have already mentioned Schellenberg, a great potential partner in discussions on religious humility. In his blog, Austin names Erik Wielenberg as an atheist foil for Austin’s writing on humility. Sadly, Austin’s prior critiques of Wielenberg evince uncharitable interpretation, confusion, and shotgun argumentation. Without loving humility towards these missing voices, like Wielenberg, we get little practicality or prophetic amongst the platitudes. The theory is too thin to challenge. The practical components are too apologetically safe to involve self-sacrifice.
Austin is right. Jesus’ humility involves lowering himself; the Father’s glory is central to his identity, yet Jesus washes feet. Jesus’ love is how much he gives; his life is everything, yet Jesus gives it for his enemies. Austin falters because he offers the cheap grace of calls for loving humility that are characteristically too broad to risk alienating his evangelical audience. Christ abandons himself and gives his life. Evangelical philosophers are regularly criticized for defending their evangelical identity – good news people – while being bad news to those, like Wielenberg, who could be friends rather than foils. We need humility. For that, we need risk and repentance: We need the missing voices.
Suggested Readings
Draper, Paul & Schellenberg, J. L. (eds.) (2017). Renewing Philosophy of Religion: Exploratory Essays. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Hereth, Blake and Kevin Timpe. (eds.) (2019). The Lost Sheep in Philosophy of Religion: New Perspectives on Disability, Gender, Race, and Animals, Routledge.