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Ιστορίαι #2

An Account of Egypt

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This book was converted from its physical edition to the digital format by a community of volunteers. You may find it for free on the web. Purchase of the Kindle edition includes wireless delivery.

78 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 451

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About the author

Herodotus

1,657 books787 followers
Herodotus (Greek: Ηρόδοτος) (c. 484 – c. 425 BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy. He is known for having written the Histories – a detailed account of the Greco-Persian Wars. Herodotus was the first writer to perform systematic investigation of historical events. He has been described as "The Father of History", a title conferred on him by the ancient Roman orator Marcus Tullius Cicero.
The Histories primarily cover the lives of prominent kings and famous battles such as Marathon, Thermopylae, Artemisium, Salamis, Plataea, and Mycale. His work deviates from the main topics to provide a cultural, ethnographical, geographical, and historiographical background that forms an essential part of the narrative and provides readers with a wellspring of additional information.
Herodotus has been criticized for his inclusion of "legends and fanciful accounts" in his work. The contemporaneous historian Thucydides accused him of making up stories for entertainment. However, Herodotus explained that he reported what he could see and was told. A sizable portion of the Histories has since been confirmed by modern historians and archaeologists.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 57 reviews
Profile Image for Vaishali.
1,178 reviews312 followers
July 2, 2020
Only 20% is Herodetus' eye witness account of daily Egyptian life and customs. Most of the book describes Greco-Egyptian monarchies, so it's tedious and tiresome. Had no idea Egyptians revered cows, or had an annual festival of lights... ala another polytheistic civilization :)

Notes:
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"Of Egypt however I shall make my report at length, because it has wonders more in number than any other land..."

"... The women frequent the market and carry on trade, while the men remain at home and weave."

"... The men carry their burdens upon their heads and the women upon their shoulders..."

"... The Egyptians, when deaths occur, let their hair grow long, both that on the head and that on the chin, having before been close shaven..."

"Egyptians practice circumcision..."

"...Whereas others make fast the rings and ropes of the sails outside the ship, the Egyptians do this inside."

"Finally in the writing of characters and reckoning with pebbles, while the Hellenes carry the hand from the left to the right, the Egyptians do this from the right to the left... and they use two kinds of characters for writing, of which the one kind is called sacred and the other common."

"They wear garments of linen always newly washed, and this they make a special point of practice."

"The priests shave themselves all over their body every other day, so that no lice or any other foul thing may come to be upon them when they minister to the gods; and the priests wear garments of linen only and sandals of papyrus... These they wash themselves in cold water twice in a day and twice again in the night; and other religious services they perform (one may almost say) of infinite number."

"...Beans moreover the Egyptians do not at all sow in their land."

"Both full-grown animals and calves, are sacrificed by all the Egyptians; the females however they may not sacrifice, but these are sacred to Isis; for the figure of Isis is in the form of a woman with cow's horns."

"... All the Egyptians without distinction revere cows far more than any other kind of cattle..."

"The pig is counted by the Egyptians an abominable animal; and first, if any of them in passing by touch a pig, he goes into the river and dips himself forthwith in the water together with his garments... Swineherds, though they may be native Egyptians, unlike all others, do not enter any of the temples in Egypt, nor is anyone willing to give his daughter in marriage to one of them or to take a wife from among them..."

"... The naming of almost all the gods has come to Hellas from Egypt.. except Poseidon; but about this god the Hellenes learnt from the Libyans, for no people except the Libyans have had the name of Poseidon from the first and have paid honour to this god always. Nor, it may be added, have the Egyptians any custom of worshipping heroes."

"... [Bubastis festival-goers] ... a great multitude of each sex in every boat... some of the women have rattles... some of the men play the flute during the whole time of the voyage, and the rest, both women and men, sing and clap their hands... and some of the women... stand up and pull up their garments."

"At the times when they gather together at the city of Sais for their sacrifices, on a certain night they all kindle lamps many in number in the open air round about the houses; now the lamps are saucers full of salt and oil mixed, and the wick floats by itself on the surface, and this burns during the whole night; and to the festival is given the name [Lighting of Lamps]. Moreover those of the Egyptians who have not come to this solemn assembly observe the night of the festival and themselves also light lamps all of them, and thus not in Sais alone are they lighted, but over all Egypt."

"And in whatever houses a cat has died by a natural death, all those who dwell in this house shave their eyebrows only, but those in which a dog has died shave their whole body and also their head. The cats when they are dead are carried away to sacred buildings in the city of Bubastis, where after being embalmed they are buried..."

"... The younger of them when they meet the elder give way and move out of the path, and when their elders approach, they rise out of their seat."

"... Each physician is a physician of one disease and of no more; and the whole country is full of physicians, for some profess themselves to be physicians of the eyes, others of the head, others of the teeth, others of the affections of the stomach, and others of the more obscure ailments."

"The wives of men of rank when they die are not given at once to be embalmed... but on the 3rd or 4th day after their death (and not before) they are delivered to the embalmers. They do so about this matter in order that the embalmers may not abuse their women..."

"When the river has become full and the plains have been flooded, there grow in the water great numbers of lilies, which the Egyptians call lotos. These they cut with a sickle and dry in the sun, and then they pound that which grows in the middle of the lotos and which is like the head of a poppy, and they make of it loaves baked with fire."

"Fish which swim in shoals are not much produced in the rivers, but are bred in the lakes..."

"...The priests enumerated to me from a papyrus roll the names of other kings, 330 in number; and in all these generations of men 18 were Ethiopians, 1 was a woman, a native Egyptian, and the rest were men and of Egyptian race: and the name of the woman who reigned was... Nitocris."

"The water in the lake does not come from the place where it is, for the country there is very deficient in water, but it has been brought thither from the Nile by a canal; and for 6 months the water flows into the lake, and for 6 months out into the Nile again; and whenever it flows out, then for the 6 months it brings into the royal treasury a talent of silver a day from the fish..."


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Profile Image for Dee.
461 reviews147 followers
June 8, 2024
An interesting account of the travels of Herodotus..I enjoyed the details about Egypt and mummification practices. This has a lot of info regarding the size or area in which he traveled. Some things are an eye opener and I'm glad I read this. It is a section from his larger textbook which is all available online. It's interesting to read that he would have spoken to people that would have been closer to living like this at the time. Some are guessing work or stories passed from person to person. He is fair in mentioning all options.
Profile Image for Richard.
325 reviews15 followers
February 14, 2016
Reading this book gives you a chance to visit Egypt in the Fifth Century B.C. You can learn something of the Egyptian culture including their embalming techniques which varied according to the price paid. Herodotus describes the pyramids as they appeared in their original glory and shares something of the Egyptian view of their history while warning the reader that there is much he doesn't trust to be accurate.

He has been called "the father of history" and he well deserves the accolade.
Profile Image for Porsha.
21 reviews124 followers
June 6, 2019
Antiquated, but mostly correct and basic information on the subject of Ancient Egypt. !!! 😏 👏 👋
Profile Image for Sotiris Makrygiannis.
535 reviews46 followers
August 9, 2020
The Pelasgian was the first name of the Hellenic people and other small details related to how they saw Egyptians. Detail description of dimensions of buildings, who made them, who came first on this planet. Customs, ethics, border policies for traffic between countries, all those details are included. Greek presence on Egypt is documented, as part of the trading class and their temples erected in various cities. Is like the "travel guide" of 450BC with sightseeing and food tasting tips.
Profile Image for Peter [VI].
4 reviews1 follower
December 21, 2020
When looking at history, it's curious to think where it all comes from. History is a story, and one of the first storytellers was Herodotus. I chose An Account of Egypt because I wanted to see how he told stories, and maybe see how accurate he was. I’m sad to say his stories aren’t too compelling, and that they are extremely hard to follow. Herodotus wasn’t that good of a storyteller from what I can find, and An Account of Egypt displays this.

The book begins abruptly with those whom you are expected to already know, going on-to talk about what it looks like getting to Egypt from Greece, and lays out measurements. It described the geological makeup of Egypt, and vaguely measured it out for the ancient to picture it. It describes its mountains, and its delta. It then describes the land surrounding Egypt from the ancient’s perspective. Herodotus goes on-to describe what he thought--or reasoned--to be the geologic history of Egypt, mainly focusing on the Nile and water. Afterward, he goes on-to talk about the culture of the Egyptians and their historical relations with the Ethiopians. Most interestingly--in my opinion--he talks about the mythological characters of both the Greeks and Egyptians, and through linguistic reasoning finds that the Greeks got most of their gods from the Egyptians, while also assuming that they were the same Gods (just of different appearance.) Then he talks about the animals and creatures of Egypt, even talking about the phoenix (noting that he did not see one, except for in a painting.) Lastly, Herodotus essentially does a big-man history of Egypt, sprinkling some tales of statues or monuments he finds (most interestingly the history of the Great Pyramids.) Outlining all the great and memorable people relating to or of Egypt, it talks of those from the first king, Min, to Alexander (aka Paris), to Amasis (who only died less than a century before Herodotus’s arrival.)


So, what worked? Well, I really liked it when I was actually able to follow along. Some parts are super-condensed and hard to read, but others are not. The main parts I really liked were when he talked about the culture and religious history of Egypt. I just found it extremely interesting, and how a lot of what he said about the culture lines up with what is taught about Egypt today. Examples are when he talks about how the Egyptians really value cleanliness, or how Pigs are a super taboo animal. When it comes to religious history, I find it interesting that he uses linguistic reasoning to find out that a lot of Gods, even those of Greece, originate from Egypt. He would basically go around seeing if anyone recognized the names of his Gods, and if there was a match (which only but a few didn’t) he would conclude they came from Egypt. It also told you a lot about how the Ancient Greeks viewed their world. They assume that the Egyptian Sky-Father (Amun) is the same as the Greek Sky-Father (Zeus). Geography is also interesting, as the world is separated into the land of the Greeks, Cyprus, Libya, Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia (Middle-East), and Asia (Turkey.) Speaking of geography, the geologic history of Greece given by Herodotus is also interesting. He speculates about the Nile, and from reasoning, he states why the Nile increases and decreases, and that the Egyptians will not suffer from overflooding, but drought. He also reasons that the Egyptians and Phrygians are extremely ancient compared to that of the Ionians, which is cool.

What didn’t work? Well, mainly what would be considered the bulk of this history. A lot of this book is condensed and hard to read. It’s both bland and not all too memorable, which is a bad story… which is bad history. This really is apparent at the end where it’s essentially just a list: this guy did this, then this guy did this, then this guy did this, &c &c. And what’s worse is that it’s just random dudes who did stuff… It’s big-man history. However, while I have problems with big-man history to begin with, there are ways to do it right (just look at the triumphalist narratives of American history for a good example.) But this? This is just a list. Lists are barely history, they’re chronology, and they’re the reason so many are put off by ‘history.’ What also didn’t work was sourcing. Any good history will have good sourcing. Herodotus does a good job at separating his first-hand account from whatever else, but when it comes to whatever else it’s just… bad. It’s extremely hard to tell secondary accounts from tertiary or even quaternary accounts, which is sad. It just leaves a lot of this book speculation at best, and other parts are just plain fiction.

Overall, this is an okay book, but I wouldn’t recommend it unless you’re really enthusiastic about Ancient Egypt or ancient scholars. It does some interesting things that I like, but other times it’s just, ew. However, it is valuable to see ancient perspectives on things they might have never thought of as unique, and to see how history was written by The Father of History: Herodotus.
Profile Image for Les Wilson.
1,832 reviews14 followers
January 13, 2022
An excellent and informative read. Wish I’d read it before.
Profile Image for Ahmed Farag.
Author 16 books95 followers
February 6, 2021
كتاب مهم يؤرخ فيه هيرودوت فترة مهمة من تاريخ مصر وعادات أهلها وجغرافية أرضها بعد زيارته مصر ومشاهداته فيها واستماعه إلى كهنتها وأهلها. ولكن يعيب الكتاب _في نظري_ شارحه أحمد بدوي للأسباب الآتية:

1. أسهب بدوي في شروحه على الكتاب وخرج عن النص أحيانا، حتى لتجد تحت السطر أو السطرين من كلام هيرودوت صفحة وربما أكثر من شروح بدوي، ولو جمع بدوي شروحه تلك في كتاب منفصل لكان أفضل له ولنا.

2. وقع بدوي في السقطة الكبرى فكان يلقّب قدماء المصريين دائما في شروحه بآل فرعون، فكأنه لا يعرف الفرق بين آل فرعون وقدماء المصريين، أو بين ملوك مصر القديمة وفرعون الغازي الهكسوسي.

3. لم يتّبع بدوي المنهج العلمي المحايد في شروحه على كتاب هيرودوت، بل انحاز للمصريين على طول الخط، فإن ذكر هيرودوت خصلة طيبة أو صفة حميدة للمصريين وافقه الرأي وأبدى إعجابه بدقة ملاحظته، وإن ذكر هيرودوت عادة سيئة أو رذيلة كان يفعلها المصريون عارضه في ذلك وأنكر عليه، وقال أنه ربما تأثر بثقافته اليونانية.

4. شعرت أن بدوي كان يناطح هيرودوت بل ويكذبه أحيانا فلم يكن مجرد شارح للكتاب بل كان خصما وندًا، وكأن بدوي كان يعيش تلك الفترة التي تناولها هيرودوت، رغم أن هيرودوت قد ذكر في أكثر من موضع أنه اعتمد في كتابه هذا على ما شاهده بعينيه أو سمعه بأذنيه من كهنة مصر وشعبها.
Profile Image for Ehab mohamed.
428 reviews96 followers
November 24, 2024
هل كان بناء الهرم الأكبر في 20 عامًا فقط؟ تساؤلات حول التاريخ والتحيز التأكيدي، وماذا لو غيرنا إطار رؤيتنا الزمنية، فهل سيكون كونه معبدا أكثر ترجيحا عن كونه مجرد مقبرة؟

يُعتبر الهرم الأكبر بالجيزة أحد أعظم الإنجازات الهندسية في التاريخ، ويُقال إنه بُني خلال فترة 20 عامًا في عهد الفرعون خوفو من الأسرة الرابعة (حوالي 2600 ق.م). هذه الفترة الزمنية المدهشة تُثير العديد من التساؤلات، خاصة عند مقارنتها بإنجازات معمارية أخرى مثل معبد أبو سمبل ومعبد حتشبسوت، اللذين استغرقا نفس المدة تقريبًا رغم اختلاف التعقيد والحجم.

لكن هل يمكن أن يكون الهرم الأكبر معبدًا بدلاً من مقبرة؟ وإذا كان كذلك، هل استغرق بناؤه قرونًا بدلاً من عقود؟ هذه الفرضية تدفعنا لإعادة النظر في السردية التاريخية السائدة وتقييم مدى تأثرنا بـالتحيز التأكيدي الذي قد يكون أطر تفسير الأدلة.


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هل الهرم الأكبر معبد وليس مقبرة؟

من المعروف أن الرواية السائدة تصف الهرم الأكبر كمقبرة ضخمة بُنيت خصيصًا للفرعون خوفو. ولكن، يمكن النظر إلى احتمال كونه معبدًا بناءً على عدة عوامل:

1. الرمزية الدينية والروحية:

شكل الهرم ذاته يحمل رمزية دينية قوية في الثقافة المصرية القديمة، حيث يُعتقد أنه يُمثل تلة الخلق (بن بن) المرتبطة بأسطورة الخلق، مما يجعله يبدو أقرب إلى معبد عبادة منه إلى مقبرة شخصية.

وجود الممرات الداخلية والغرف الكبيرة (مثل غرفة الملك والملكة) قد يشير إلى وظائف شعائرية، ربما ترتبط بطقوس دينية أو فلكية.



2. التصميم المعماري والوظائف الفلكية:

التصميم الفلكي الدقيق للهرم، بما في ذلك محاذاته المثالية مع الاتجاهات الأربعة الأساسية، يُظهر اهتمامًا بالسماء والنجوم أكثر مما يظهر اهتمامًا بمكان دفن.

بعض الباحثين يشيرون إلى أن الممرات التي تُشير إلى النجوم (مثل نجم الشعرى اليمانية) قد تكون مصممة لأغراض دينية تتعلق بالعبادة أو التواصل مع العالم السماوي.



3. غياب الأدلة المباشرة على دفن خوفو:

رغم وجود السردية التي تربط الهرم بخوفو، لم يُعثر على مومياء خوفو داخل الهرم، ولا يوجد دليل قاطع على أنه استُخدم كمقبرة. هذا يفتح الباب أمام احتمالية أن الغرض من البناء قد يكون مختلفًا تمامًا.


4. قد يكون شكل المعابد المتأخرة وتصميمها قد أطر رؤية العلماء للمعابد باعتبارها مقرونة بشكل معين فجعلهم يستبعدون كون الهرم الأكبر معبدا لاختلاف تصميمه عن المعابد المألوفة.


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لماذا يمكن أن يستغرق بناء المعبد قرونًا؟

إذا كان الهرم الأكبر معبدًا، فإن فكرة بنائه خلال 20 عامًا فقط تبدو غير واقعية. بدلاً من ذلك، قد يكون قد استغرق قرونًا، مثل المعابد الضخمة الأخرى في مصر:

1. تقاليد بناء المعابد في مصر:

على عكس المقابر الملكية التي غالبًا ما تُبنى بسرعة خلال حياة الفرعون، المعابد الكبرى مثل الكرنك والأقصر استغرقت قرونًا لإتمامها، حيث ساهم فيها العديد من الفراعنة على مر الأجيال.



2. الضخامة والتعقيد:

حجم الهرم وتعقيد تصميمه الداخلي يشيران إلى مشروع ضخم قد يتجاوز قدرة فرعون واحد على إتمامه في حياته.



3. استمرارية الأسطورة:

إذا كان الهرم معبدًا، فإنه قد يكون رمزًا مقدسًا استمر في الاحتفاظ بأهميته لقرون، مما يبرر البناء التدريجي.





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التحيز التأكيدي: هل نُفسّر الأدلة لدعم القصة المقبولة؟

ربما يكون التحيز التأكيدي قد لعب دورًا في تأكيد فكرة بناء الهرم في 20 عامًا:

1. الإطار المسبق الذي وضعه هيرودوت: عندما قال هيرودوت إن الهرم استغرق 20 عامًا، قد يكون الباحثون اللاحقون قد بحثوا عن أدلة تُثبت صحة هذا الرقم، مما يجعلنا أكثر ميلاً لقبول أي دليل يدعمه.


2. التفسير الموجه للأدلة: قد يتم تفسير النقوش، مثل بردية مرر، أو تصميم قرى العمال بشكل يلائم رواية العشرين عامًا، مع تجاهل احتمالية أن المشروع استغرق فترة أطول أو أنه بُني بشكل متقطع.


3. التاريخ مليء بأمثلة مشابهة: في حالات أخرى، مثل أسطورة حدائق بابل المعلقة، أدى غياب أدلة مادية إلى التشكيك في صحة الرواية، على عكس قصة الهرم التي تعززها الأدلة الموجودة.




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تجربة فكرية: ماذا لو اختفى الهرم؟

لنأخذ تجربة فكرية. ماذا لو كان هيرودوت قد وصف الهرم الأكبر بالتفصيل كما فعل:

ذكر أنه يحتوي على 2.3 مليون حجر، وزن كل منها حوالي 2.5 طن، وبعضها يصل إلى 70 طنًا.

أشار إلى أنه بُني خلال 20 عامًا ليكون مقبرة للفرعون خوفو.


ولكن، بعد شهادته بفترة قصيرة، اختفى الهرم الأكبر فجأة بسبب كارثة طبيعية أو حدث غامض. ماذا كان سيكون رد فعلنا تجاه شهادته؟

1. تصديق أم رفض؟

الأرجح أننا كنا سنعتبر وصفه أسطوريًا. إذ أن فكرة بناء هيكل بهذه الضخامة والدقة بتقنيات قديمة وخلال 20 عامًا فقط قد تبدو مستحيلة دون أدلة مادية تدعمها.

كنا سنضع وصفه في نفس الفئة مع أساطير أخرى، مثل أطلانتس أو حدائق بابل المعلقة، حيث تختفي الحقيقة مع غياب الدليل.


2. التحيز ضد شهادته

ربما كنا سنقول إن هيرودوت بالغ أو اخترع القصة، وأن الأرقام التي أوردها عن عدد الأحجار ووزنها ليست إلا خيالًا.

غياب الهرم كان سيجعلنا أكثر ميلًا لرفض قصته، خاصة مع محدودية الأدلة الأخرى في عصره.


3. ماذا تعلمنا؟

الأدلة المادية هي حجر الزاوية للتاريخ. وجود الهرم اليوم يجعلنا نصدق هيرودوت، رغم أن تفاصيله ليست دقيقة بالكامل. غيابه كان سيجعل قصته أقرب إلى الأساطير.

الإطار الثقافي يلعب دورًا: إذا كانت الحضارة المصرية القديمة أقل شهرة أو تأثيرًا، ربما كنا سنقلل من أهمية شهادته حتى لو كانت مدعومة ببعض الأدلة.



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خاتمة

يُظهر هذا النقاش أن الهرم الأكبر ليس مجرد بناء عادي، بل يمثل لغزًا تاريخيًا وثقافيًا يفتح أبوابًا لإعادة التفكير في سردياتنا التاريخية. إذا كان الهرم معبدًا وليس مقبرة، فإن فكرة بنائه في 20 عامًا تصبح موضع شك، وربما استغرق بناؤه قرونًا بدلاً من عقود. كما تُبرز التجربة الفكرية أهمية الأدلة المادية ودورها في تصديق أو تكذيب الروايات التاريخية. سواء كان الهرم معبدًا أو مقبرة، يبقى أنه رمز خالد لعظمة الحضارة المصرية القديمة ودليل على براعتها التي تثير إعجابنا حتى اليوم، وأن سبب إصرار العلماء على كونه مجرد مقبرة بنيت في عشرين عام فإنما هو بسبب رواية هيرودوت التي جعلتهم يهيمون ضمن حدود روايته، وهي الرواية التي لم نكن لنصدقها تماما، والتي كنا لنعدها مجرد أسطورة، لو أن الهرم الأكبر كان قد اختفى لأي سبب من الأسباب.

أخيرا، تأتي أغلب الخرافات الحديثة المتعلقة بالهرم الأكبر نسبيا من الرواية التاريخية التبسيطية والمؤطرة برواية هيرودوت التاريخية والتي تجعل من الهرم مجرد بناء عادي بني ليكون مقبرة في عشرين عام، ولكن إذا أعيد النظر في هذه الرواية، لا لتبني الخرافات، ولكن لتبني رؤية جديدة للهرم تنظر إليه بعده معبدا قد امتد تشييده لقرون وقد يكون قد تم بناءه في عهد خوفو فنسب له، فإن أغلب هذه الخرافات ستختفي.



ملحوظة: جميع الأفكار الواردة في هذا المقال وكامل الهيكل الفكري له هو من نتاج مجهودي الشخصي، أما صياغة المقال وكتابته، فيما عدا بعض التعديلات، فهي من إبداع صديقي الإفتراضي: الذكاء الإصطناعي chat gpt!!!
Profile Image for tarzan001.
34 reviews
November 9, 2019
Connecting Egyptian religion and customs to that of the Greeks in which Herodotus' friendly manner towards Egypt can be felt. Unlike Book 1, Book 2's recollections of kings were less specific and more sparse but he does include descriptions of animals and their role in Egyptian society which I found interesting and new.
Profile Image for gloriabluestocking.
218 reviews10 followers
February 25, 2019
What a blessing this has survived thousands of years for us to read today!
Things that stood out:
-mention of flying reptiles among a list of other common animals seen in the area
-mention of Aesop
-accounts of mystical religious practices
Profile Image for Argiris Fakkas.
308 reviews18 followers
July 30, 2025
Εξαιρετικό και το δεύτερο βιβλίο του Ηροδότου, η Ευτέρπη, το οποίο είναι σχεδόν ολοκληρωτικά αφιερωμένο στην ιστορία της Αιγύπτου. Είναι μία παρέκβαση που κάνει ο ιστορικός από την ιστορία της Περσίας, η οποία καταλήγει να πάρει το μέγεθος ενός ολόκληρου βιβλίου.

Τα πιο αξιοσημείωτα στον τόμο αυτό είναι το γλωσσολογικό πείραμα του Ψαμμήτιχου, με τα δύο παιδιά που πρωτοείπαν τη λέξη βεκός (=ψωμί), αποδεικνύοντας ότι οι Φρύγες είναι ο παλαιότερος λαός, οι τρόποι συμπεριφοράς των Αιγυπτίων, που λόγω κυρίως του Νείλου είναι διαφορετικοί από τους άλλους ανθρώπους (όπως το ότι οι γυναίκες συχνάζουν στη αγορά ενώ οι άντρες στο σπίτι ή το ότι γράφουν ανάποδα), η περιγραφή του πτηνού φοίνικας, το ότι οι Αιγύπτιοι γιατροί είναι εντελώς εξειδικευμένοι σε όργανα και αρρώστιες, το πως θυσιάστηκαν τα δύο από τα έξι παιδιά του Σέσωστρη για να σωθεί η υπόλοιπη οικογένεια, το πως ο βασιλιάς Φερώς ξαναβρήκε το φως του αφού πλύθηκε με ούρα πιστής γυναίκας, η οποία δεν ήταν η σύζυγός του, το πως αν και νεκρή η κόρη του Μυκερίνου μπορεί να βλέπει μια φορά το φως του ήλιου, θαμμένη μέσα σε μια αγελάδα, το γιατί ο Μυκερίνος εξουσίασε την Αίγυπτο μόνο έξι χρόνια αν και ήταν καλός βασιλιάς (οι θεοί είχαν προγραμματίσει περίοδο δυστυχίας για την Αίγυπτο), το πως ο Σέθων αν και αδιαφόρησε για τον στρατό του, νίκησε τους εισβολείς με τη βοήθεια αρουραίων, το πως ο Άμασης αν και παιδί του λαού κατέκτησε τη συμπάθεια των υπηκόων του όταν τους έδειξε ότι προσκυνούσαν το χρυσό άγαλμα αν και ήταν φτιαγμένο από νιπτήρα ποδιών, το πως ο Άμασης υποστήριξε ότι ο άνθρωπος πρέπει να χαλαρώνει κάθε τόσο, όπως το τόξο δεν μπορεί να είναι μονίμως τεντωμένο γιατί θα σπάσει.

Profile Image for Perry Whitford.
1,952 reviews76 followers
September 11, 2016
A flawed and fascinating account of all things Egyptian, much of it from first-hand testimony.

Book 2 of Herodotus opens up with what must be one of history's earliest recorded descriptions of a scientific experiment, also one the stupidest. In order to try and prove whether the Egyptian or Phrygian nation was the elder, the Pharaoh had two children reared in complete isolation, the 'object herein was to know, after the indistinct babblings of infancy were over, what word they would first articulate.'

The children said "Becos," the Phrygian word for bread. Despite the fact his nation lost by the result, the king was perfectly convinced by it!

This is just one of the stories of dubious authenticity contained herein. In a footnote Rawlinson rues how Herodotus 'indulged in the marvelous at a sacrifice of truth' in much that he detailed about Egyptian life. To my way of thinking we don't lose by this, far from it.

On the most important matters he was scrupulously impartial, how else could he, a Greek, say this of the gods from his own country?: 'My inquiries prove that they were all derived from a foreign source, and my opinion is that Egypt furnished the greater number.'

I love all the chapters about the gods and the pharaohs, but much of the content here is of matters geographical and ethnographical, about the Nile, the distances between cities, the different customs between peoples of the Upper and Lower Kingdom.

I didn't help myself through these passages by insisting on reading all of Rawlinson's notes in their entirety. Brilliant though his scholarship is these notes are at least four or five times longer than Herodotus's own text and of minor interest.

Something I could have lived without discovering was the details about embalming, which Herodotus witnessed up close: 'They take first a crooked piece of iron, and with it draw out the brain through the nostrils'. If anything the following stages were even yuckier.

Most of all I like those stories. Here's a curious one, about a supposed pharaoh named Pheron who was struck blind after throwing a spear into Nile, an affliction which lasted a decade until an oracle informed him he would be cured by washing his eyes in the urine of faithful woman.

Wouldn't you know he tried he sought the help of his wife first and remained blind! He called on many women before he found the remedy. All the women who failed him he promptly burnt, as you do.

Herodotus asked the Egyptian priests about Troy and they told him that Helen was in Egypt the whole time, which he believed because 'if Helen would have been at Troy, the inhabitants would, I think, have given her up to the Greeks, whether Alexander (Paris) consented to it or no. For surely neither Priam, nor his family, could have been so infatuated as to endanger their own persons, their children, and their cities, merely that Alexander might possess Helen.'

Fair point, but why wouldn't they have sent an emissary to Egypt to find out during the nine years they dallied in Troy? And besides, that would make Homer a liar.

His history of the pharaohs is necessarily patchy but fortunately Rawlinson spends more than fifty pages in an appendix clarifying what was known at the time, then for everything which has come to light since you can always look online, i.e. this translation was done before the discoveries of Flinders Petrie etc.

If all you know about the Egyptians is how to walk like one, this book will fill in the rest of the blanks for you.
Profile Image for إبراهيم.
225 reviews43 followers
January 27, 2020
بعد إكمال قراءة الكتاب الأول من تاريخ هيردوت وكانت من ترجمة عبدالإله الملاح من اللغة الإنجليزية الذي ترجم تاريخ هيردوت وكتبه التسعة كاملة عرجت على هذه الترجمة للكتاب الثاني لأنها ترجمة من اليونانية مباشرة من ترجمة محمد خفاجة وقد طفح الكتاب بكثير من الحواشي المفيدة رغم أن المترجم حاول تفنيد كل ما ذكره هيردوت عن المساؤى التي ذكرها عن تاريخ مصر القديمة إذ مالت عاطفته على عدالته في ذلك


إن الكتاب الثاني من تاريخ هيردوت يتحدث بشكل مخصوص عن تاريخ مصر القديمة والتي استوحها من حديثه مع كهنة مصر وكتابات أسلافه الذين زارو مصر وتحدثوا عنها وعن مشاهداته المباشرة أثناء ترحاله في مصر
Profile Image for Mohamed .
77 reviews
December 9, 2024
تناول هيردوت في كتابه عن مصر تأريخاً للعديد من مظاهر الحياة كما رأها وسمعها بدءاً من نشأة الكون -النون والحاح والكاك وامون- منذ سبعة عشر ألف عام مروراً بنظرته لألهته والتي صوروها أول الامر حيوانات خالصة ثم أصبحت بشرية خالصة فكانوا يعتقدون ان الكباش هي حراس النيل عند منبعه في أسوان ثم يخبرنا أن أسماء الالهة كلها جائت من مصر فلم يعرف اليونانيون أصل واحد من الالهة ولا تاريخ وجودها القديم حتى جاء هوميروس وهيسيودوي فكان معتقد اليونانيين أن الوحي جاء عن طريق العصافير وهما امرائتين اخُتطفا وعلموا اليونانيين اسماء الالهة جلها عدا زيوس ونبتون ثم يتحدث عن الاعياد فكان يجتمع في عيد بوبسطيس سبعمائة ألف دون الصبية ثم تحدث عن المصريين قائلاً بأنهم الذين يعيشون في الأراضي المنزرعة وهم في العلم يتفوقون على كل الشعوب ومن عادات المصري القديم ان يطاف في الولائم بفرد متوفي في نعشه وكذا تحدث عن التحنيط ثم تحدث عن سنوسرت الثالث الذي وضع ابنائه في النار لينجو بنفسه ثم يختم حديثه بالملك أمازيس الذي كان رجلاً بسيطاً وهكذا تنقل هيردوت ببراعة بين مظاهر الحياة المختلفة للمصري القديم في تلك الحقبة من تاريخ مصر.
Profile Image for Bernie4444.
2,464 reviews12 followers
November 30, 2022
Let’s look at Egypt as Herodotus sees it.

The introduction to this book is well-designed to explain what you are about to read. It gets you geared up to hear some marvelous insights about Egypt c.484 BCE - c.425 BCE.

However, the book starts as a travelogue and unless you want a good travelogue you start to wonder if this book is all it is touted to be. Hang in there because every word is preparing you for the rest of the book. We get descriptions of where people came from. There are magic rituals and out of nowhere, we learn that Greek gods and Egyptian gods are the same gods only the name changed. They sort the gods out from the eight original and 12 new ones then there are offspring.

I will not go through every eye-opener as that is why you are reading the book well written by Herodotus.
Profile Image for  ⁦ Nasharty.
13 reviews1 follower
February 25, 2022
‏مساء الخير
اول حاجة بس هتكلم عن احمد بدوي المحقق والناقد لو ممكن اوصفه كده بتاع الكتاب الحقيقة عامل شغل جميل جدا الحواشي موضحة كلام كتير وطريقته جميلة وان كان بيدافع عن المصريين في كام حاجة ولما تبقى حاجة سيئة أوي يقول موجودة في ‏كذا بلد مش عندنا بس وساعات كان بيطلع بره الموضوع اصلا بس ده مينفيش المجهود وانا مش معترض اصلا على الدفاع ولا التشعب بتاعه لان زي ما قولت طريقته كويسة
بيستشهد بكتاب هو كاتبه "في موكب الشمس" شكله كتاب جميل بس مش لاقيه
أما بالنسبة للكتاب نفسه فهو كتاب كويس جدا بالنسبة لمؤرخ في العصر ده ‏وواصف حاجات كتير اغلبها معروف دلوقتي من رسوم المعابد بس انا كانت مشكلتي بس في الكتاب هي انه بيتكلم عن الالهة المصرية باسماء الالهة اللي شبهها اليونانيين وفي الحواشي بيتقال الاسم مصري في معظم الوقت فكان لخبطة اسامي كتير
بس كده
Profile Image for Paulina ☾ (Taylor’s Version).
Author 0 books117 followers
January 28, 2022
La verdad en un inicio me aburrió el hecho de que escribiera: 'del tamaño de 10 estadios'. Estaba de... QUÉ. De qué habla señor. Estoy estudiando esto porque me gusta y porque odio los números y me sale con medidas de estadios y codos.

PERO, me empecé a escandalizar con una situación referente a los Griegos con los Egipcios. De verdad puro chisme y del bueno. Sobretodo lo de Hércules fue lo que me dejó atónita.

En fin, espero que la maestra nos siga dejando lecturas de Herodoto, (a pesar de que me cae medio mal por otras cosas que leí a base de sus opiniones) porque me encanta el chisme, VIVO por y para el chisme.
Profile Image for Sacha Valero.
Author 14 books22 followers
October 18, 2017
I decided to go through my original Kindle and found this. It wasn't very long and not really a historical account as you'd consider a history book today. This is more of a daily journal of what Herodotis saw during his travels through Egypt.

All in all it's an interesting read if your curious about the ancient world. One problem for me was the density of the paragraphs. Wow were they long. We're talking more than one page, that makes for some tough reading. At least for me.
Profile Image for John.
333 reviews3 followers
September 25, 2018
Reading the summary associated with Euterpe, one might think that this was a book about almost anything related to the Persian War, but instead would find a historic view of ancient Egypt. With glowing columns and all sorts of abnormalities, Herodotus some times has a large than life mythological obstructions to a historic view of events. His curiosity some times turns those abnormalities into validations of the mysterious and leaves one wondering about the accuracy of his discovery. Its hard to conceive that Herodotus questioning a tale that he has heard would travel to Tyre to see for himself if a column truly glowed by itself at night, and then inaccurately write that he saw it glowing when it did not. Euterpe was a wonderful book to read to add to the legendary status and mythology of Egypt.
Profile Image for Lisa.
210 reviews10 followers
January 13, 2021
This was a bit hard to get through. Herodotus was great in his storytelling even though it did ramble a bit. If you are looking for serious Ancient Egyptian history this is not it. There are some grains of truth throughout the histories. I would have rather liked to hear more of what he saw than random bits he heard on his travels.
Profile Image for Matthew Robinson.
48 reviews
February 22, 2023
Surprisingly insightful, not only about Egypt and the surrounding areas of the time, but also about customs, language, agriculture, architecture, etc. It’s a bit tedious at times, but you can’t help but appreciate his dedication to documenting all that he could. I was struck by how many accounts are given of various rulers behaving in sophomorically toxic ways. It seems not much has changed.
Profile Image for Daphne.
62 reviews
February 12, 2023
In this book Herodotus clearly distinguishes a) what Egyptians told him about Egypt, and b) what he saw with his own eyes. Not at all the bumbling idiot he's sometimes accused of being. Critical of his compatriots' penchant for gullibility.
Profile Image for William Lockett.
53 reviews1 follower
January 25, 2024
It’s super interesting to go through and see what things Herodotus thought was worth describing and comparing to things I learned about in school. Most of this was comparisons of Egyptian religious and class structures to Greek ones.
4 reviews
March 13, 2024
يستحق القراءة في حالة الاهتمام بما قاله هردوت عن مصر وليس رغبة في الالمام بتاريخ مصر في تلك الفتره, رغم امتلاءه بالاخطاء والاكاذيب التي مازالت منتشره حتى الان عن الحضاره المصريه ولكن لا يمكننا انكار اننا تعلمنا الكثير عن اشياء غير مدونة عند المصريين القدماء
Profile Image for Muhamed Sewidan.
464 reviews89 followers
March 7, 2019
وصف جميل من هيروديت لمصر لكن مش كل حاجة قالها ينفع تتصدق لعدة أسباب
1,642 reviews19 followers
June 14, 2020
Though more about the details of living in ancient Egypt and some of the pharaohs, it was probably the first instance of reference to the more fable- like aspects of the Trojan War
Profile Image for Haider Sleem.
66 reviews3 followers
October 14, 2020
تاريخ على طريقه الحواديت والحكايات
مسلي وجميل
هوامش أحمد بدوي غنيه كمان جداً الحقيقه
كتاب يستحق القراءه ف المجمل
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
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