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Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition

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Torquemada, the dour Dominican Friar, was responsible for one of the cruellest examples of religious persecution the world has ever known. Driven by his own warped genius, and against the express wishes of his king and queen, he single-handedly engineered torture and fear to a staggering degree. For Torquemada was the original President of the Spanish Inquisition.

404 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1913

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About the author

Rafael Sabatini

693 books539 followers
Rafael Sabatini (1875 - 1950) was an Italian/British writer of novels of romance and adventure. At a young age, Rafael was exposed to many languages. By the time he was seventeen, he was the master of five languages. He quickly added a sixth language - English - to his linguistic collection. After a brief stint in the business world, Sabatini went to work as a writer. He wrote short stories in the 1890s, and his first novel came out in 1902. Sabatini was a prolific writer; he produced a new book approximately every year. He consciously chose to write in his adopted language, because, he said, "all the best stories are written in English. " In all, he produced thirty one novels, eight short story collections, six nonfiction books, numerous uncollected short stories, and a play. He is best known for his world-wide bestsellers: The Sea Hawk (1915), Scaramouche (1921), Captain Blood (1922) and Bellarion the Fortunate (1926). Other famous works by Sabatini are The Lion's Skin (1911), The Strolling Saint (1913) and The Snare (1917).

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Displaying 1 - 11 of 11 reviews
Profile Image for Phrodrick slowed his growing backlog.
1,077 reviews69 followers
November 18, 2023
Assuming book review readers to be on average more bookish than the average it is possible that you know the name of Rafael Sabatini. Most likely you know of him as the author of many swash buckler, sword fighting adventure. Were I to list titles, some of you would remember the movies, often with Errol Flynn swashing the bucklers. He also wrote a few nonfiction books. Torquemada and the Spanish Inquisition (illustrated) was my second from this part of his shelf.

In brief, the topic is one that is very hard to read. Much of his writing is far more convoluted and strained that in his other books. There have to be better written books on the Inquisition, but this one has exhausted me out of searching. It is very well research. RS regularly quotes the original documents even as he makes clear that many others are/were (publication year 1921) not released, some were likely faked or edited to suite the inquisitors or as unreliable as any record made in that period.

There should be no need to detail what the inquisition was, how demonically evil it became under the direction of Torquemada. Either you already know this, or a perusal of the various reviews will help you understand.

The author is convinced that his central figure, Torquemada was for all of his personal demons, and blatant antisemitism was a loyal son of the Catholic Church. He was sincere in his belief that the summary murder of many thousands, ultimately in Spain and across Latin America was justified, and necessary. He believed that his Church was vulnerable to encroaching heresies, and that Spain must be uniformly practicing and correctly practicing under the strict rule of the Pope-Catholic. We can shrug him off as a dangerous, over empowered lunatic. Sabatini shows us his uncanny ability to gain his insane will from, at least King Ferdinand, if not always Queen Isabella, while strategically ignoreing and wheedling more authority from Rome.

Because Sabatini depends so much on original documents, we have many pages of 650 year old legalisms, original proofs that the Christ of love and forgiveness was not opposed to the vilest tortures and deliberate ignorance of what few civil rights and legal precedence might have saved some of the condemned.

It is credible that an ill-educated, superstitious populace could be swayed into heresy, but are we sure that a personal decision to cut the fat from meat was evidence that the diner was a secret heretic? Are we sure that a true, practicing Catholic should be condemned to poverty and other cruelties, because a long dead grand parent was accused, and being accused could be condemned for lack of proof of innocence. The list starts here and gets increasing sickening.

In part because Sabatini is making a major effort to be evenhanded, he delves into several cases used by the Inquisition to prove that it was protecting the Church from evil. Where he can he states that the cases do not stand up, were possibly invented, and if invented, they were in keeping with the readiness of members of the inquisition to find (invent) evidence. However he spends a very large amount of time on several people, Jews, Accused of a convoluted plot to torture, and murder a Christian baby as part of a larger effort to use magic to end the Catholic power in Spain. We are walked through almost the entire case with its documents and extended calendar. He tells us, no one ever found the child’s body (a fact used to make of the child an infant saint), the tricks, deceptions, false promises and torture to exact statements form the frequently starved accused. This narrative continues for a lot of pages. It should have ended with a ringing denial of the process and any possibility of there being any truth to the charges. Instead, Sabatini equivocates on the reliability of coerced statements, and the reality of Jewish fear and loathing of the Inquisition. It is credible that someone from the Jewish community may have plotted something. This particular charge was timed and detailed in such a way as to render it too much a creature of need by Torquemada and other wise a cruel invention built from need and not on substance.

I am sure I have read all I need to read about this stain of history. It is not an easy read, both in terms of subject matter and in terms of the writing style.
Profile Image for Pinkerton.
513 reviews50 followers
October 27, 2017
Nonostante la natura saggistica dell’opera ho trovato il volume davvero scorrevole, l’autore svolge bene il proprio lavoro. Inizia catapultandoci nel contesto della vicenda, lo fa in modo esauriente, prendendosi ampio spazio (quasi tutte le prime 100 pagine) eppure non annoia mai. Questo perché non si limita a riportare banalmente date, nomi e luoghi, ma ne arricchisce il contenuto con aneddoti e citazioni dell’epoca. Ciò rappresenta un po’ la ‘croce e delizia’ dei contenuti, si leggono con maggiore interesse ma sono condizionati fortemente dall’ideologia di coloro che li hanno redatti. Ad esempio ci regala un’immagine estremamente lusinghiera, quasi da eroina mitologica, di Isabella di Castiglia, pur condannandone senza remore l’essersi legata a tali barbarie che ne hanno offuscato quanto di buono aveva fatto. Eppure non si può contestare l’imparzialità di Sabatini che per le questioni più controverse non si esprime, riportandoci le voci di entrambe le campane.
Sempre nella prima parte dell’Inquisizione se ne parla appena, come se si trattasse di un pericolo lontano, ma che pian piano si insinua con insistenza anche in questo regno, diffondendosi poi come una malattia che persino il papa ed i sovrani stentano ad arginare. Proprio questa necessità di organizzazione ponderata porterà alla ribalta il vero protagonista del libro, Torquemada. La sua condotta, considerata pura ed irreprensibile, la stima dei regnanti, che vedevano in lui una figura priva di quell’invasamento dettato dall’odio e dal desiderio di vendetta di coloro che l’avevano preceduto. Mentre il pontefice confidava nella sua spiritualità, dimostrata dal distacco del domenicano nei confronti dei beni materiali. Così vien messa giù, personalmente penso che sia arrivato a quella posizione perché era ammanicato e chi ce l’aveva messo avrebbe ottenuto dei vantaggi, comunque… riporto questi due estratti perché ritengo che forniscano una rappresentazione lampante del personaggio con cui abbiamo a che fare:

“Se vi è un nome che abbia mai contenuto il presagio della vita di colui che l’ha portato, è il nome di Torquemada. L’evocazione del macchinismo di fiamme e di torture a cui ebbe il destino di presiedere, l’anima in un modo così straordinario da fargli prendere l’apparenza di un nome inventato, di un nome di guerra, orridamente composto dal latino “torque” (catena) e dallo spagnolo “quemada” (bruciato) per riferirsi all’uomo che doveva occupare la carica di grande inquisitore”.

“Col Directorium di Eymerich sotto gli occhi, Torquemada si mise a redigere i primi articoli del suo celebre codice. Più tardi, dovevano esservi fatte aggiunte, secondo quanto richiedeva la necessità, ma nessuna ebbe l’importanza di quei primi ventotto articoli. Si può dire che diedero alla giurisprudenza dell’Inquisizione spagnola una forma definitiva, poiché essa praticamente non subì alcuna modifica durante più di trecento anni dopo la morte di Torquemada”.



Frontespizio dell’edizione madrilena (1576) del codice di Torquemada

Ecco, se c’è un appunto che mi permetto di fare all’edizione è il non aver riportato la traduzione dei termini spagnoli e latini che talvolta si incontrano, non sempre così intuitivi. Ad esempio nel testo che ho citato la traduzione di torque e quemada non c’era, quindi me la son dovuta cercare.
Torniamo però al contenuto. Tutti erano certi della sincerità e dello zelo di Torquemada nell’adempiere al proprio dovere, non avevano però considerato quanto tutto ciò potesse essere contaminato dal suo fanatismo. Rendendolo, se possibile, ancor più terribile dei suoi predecessori. Un grave errore che tutti hanno pagato a caro prezzo.

La parte a seguire sulla giurisprudenza e alcuni avvenimenti generati dal malcontento perde un po’ di mordente, ci si ritrova spesso dinnanzi a ripetizioni o situazioni quasi identiche. Anche se ciò non rende certo meno sconcertante i cavilli, le torture e le ritrattazioni che gabbavano gli ebrei, privandoli prima del denaro, poi della vita, gettando l’infamia non solo sul diretto interessato ma pure sulla sua discendenza, lasciandola al contempo senza i mezzi necessari per il proprio sostentamento. Parlo di ebrei e non di eretici in generale perché sin dall’inizio del libro, e poi anche con Torquemada, è palese un accanimento particolare (almeno in questo volume) nei confronti di coloro che professavano tale religione. E quali che fossero gli intenti la pecunia c’entrava sempre in qualche modo, persino retroattivamente!

La condotta violenta e dispotica dell’Inquisizione era ormai giunta a livelli tali che l’intolleranza alle volte superava il timore di quest’istituzione, dando vita a rifiuti, sommosse e tentati assassinii, che ebbero però scarso successo. Il desiderio di rivalsa nei confronti di quell’autorità raramente trovava soddisfazione, e di certo gli appartenenti all’ordine non mancavano di adottare le misure di sicurezza necessarie, che non si limitavano alla loro protezione:

“Essi disponevano del miglior sistema di polizia che il mondo abbia mai conosciuto. Tutta un’armata civile era al loro servizio, composta dai membri del terz’ordine di San Domenico. Erano i fratelli laici della famiglia e poiché questo stato dava a chi l’occupasse certi cospicui vantaggi, come l’esenzione dalle imposte (un altro vantaggio era che ogni appartenente all’ordine aveva il diritto di invocare il beneficio del clero, in modo che i tribunali civili non potevano procedere contro di lui), non si dubiterà che bisognava limitare il loro numero, tanto numerosi erano i candidati.
Dapprincipio era stato un ordine di penitenti ma, assai rapidamente si fece conoscere sotto il nome di Militia Christi ed i suoi membri come famigli del Sant’Uffizio, vale adire membri della famiglia di San Domenico. Erano vestiti di nero, portavano la croce bianca del Santo sulle loro giacche e sui loro mantelli ed erano affiliati alla congregazione di San Pietro Martire. Gli inquisitori circolavano raramente senza una scorta di questi fratelli laici in armi.
Si trovavano nei ranghi della Militia Christi uomini di tutte le professioni e gradi. Costituivano la polizia segreta dell’Inquisizione, erano i suoi occhi e le sue orecchie, con un’ubiquità sparsa in ogni classe sociale”.


Lo stesso Torquemada, ascetico ma pieno d’orgoglio, girava con una scorta di cinquanta famigli a cavallo e di duecento a piedi per proteggerlo dai nemici (gli fu imposto dai sovrani) ma è logico pensare che l’accettasse come un segno della dignità della sua carica e può darsi anche come utile a quel terrore che egli giudicava eminentemente salutare.

Riveste poi una grande importanza per la ‘causa’ del grande inquisitore - le vengono infatti dedicati diversi capitoli - “La leggenda del Santo-Fanciullo” che Torquemada non mancò certo di sfruttare per avallare le proprie teorie anche nei confronti dei più scettici. L’analisi degli incartamenti del processo ad uno dei colpevoli occupa l’ultima parte di questo libro, che unito al suo ascendente (e l’uscita teatrale) sui sovrani conduce all’epilogo con l’esilio ebraico (sacrificio che comportò un grave calo della popolazione e dell’economia spagnola) e le ultime azioni del personaggio prima che spiri.
Profile Image for Morgan Baliviera.
214 reviews1 follower
March 9, 2024
Sabatini racconta in questo libro la genesi e la successiva evoluzione dell’Inquisizione spagnola: il braccio giudiziario e terribile di Tomás de Torquemada e della regina cattolica Isabella di Castiglia. Partendo dalla situazione di semi-anarchia della Spagna nella seconda metà del ‘400, l’autore spiega il perché, sotto la supervisione di un monaco, venne creata una struttura di fanatismo e terrore come quella dell’Inquisizione. Citando anche alcuni processi e casi particolari, Sabatini scrive un saggio estremamente interessante e scorrevole.
519 reviews3 followers
October 2, 2008
Sabatini not only wrote rip roaring historical novels, but also a few non-fiction works. Four altogether, if I'm not mistaken. Of these I have only read this one, but what a one it is.

All you might ever want to know about Torquemada is here, the background to his inquisition, many extracts from trials conducted by Torquemada and a fair handed assessment of this bloody period of persecution in Spain. Unlike many sources on the Spanish Inquistion, Sabatini doesn't seem to have any particular axe to grind and therefore his book is much more objective and factual than others I've come across.
68 reviews1 follower
August 27, 2023
A blood libel against medieval Jews that is truly despicable and goes back to the worst of the Inquisition times, although written in 1913, by someone who has no background as a historian.

The author, discussing the "Infante de la Guardia" story, accuses a group of Jews and conversos to have kidnapped and murdered a young Christian boy.

He bases his theory on interrogations by the Inquisition and "confessions" by some of the unfortunate victims of the Inquisitors. Never mind that they were extracted by physical and psychological tortures, that the accusers were kept anonymous, and that the people kidnapped by the Inquisition had all their possessions confiscated and their families thrown out until their innocence was proven. Never mind that the same techniques produced hundreds of "confessions" from "witches" in the two centuries to come.

And, by the way, no victim was ever uncovered, or parents identified. Of course, no body was ever found either...

Blood label pure and simple. How someone can still advocate it in the 20th century is incredible and repulsive.
Profile Image for Zhelana.
896 reviews2 followers
September 11, 2018
This is the best book I've read about the Spanish Inquisition during the SCA period. Although the author has a bit of a bias against the Catholic Church, and occasionally can't help himself from sarcastically referring to it as a religion of love, while discussing the torture of the Jews, the sheer amount of good information in this book makes that not even matter. I was surprised that the book is as old as it is. It still reads well.
Profile Image for Jonathan Bahr.
103 reviews
October 11, 2023
A slog at times with portions of nearly indecipherable sentence structure, a departure from Sabatini’s incredibly well-written fiction. It’s definitely apparent that this effort preceded his most successful works by more than a decade.

Glad I read it on the whole; I tabbed it up pretty well and got some incredibly detailed history and interesting legal analysis out of it, but not something I’d consider rereading front to back.
1 review
July 26, 2020
OK

Gave the book a four star rating, it was very interesting and I am interested in reading about the Inquisition. Many of the chapters repeat themselves but still well written.
Profile Image for Brian Swain.
267 reviews1 follower
July 8, 2016
Possibly the best account yet of the role of Torquemada in the Inquisition, with particular emphasis in the back half of the book of the notorious "Infante de la Guardia" incident and the role of that affair on Ferdinand and Isabella's decision to expel all Jews from Spain in 1492, right around the time Columbus was heading out to try to discover a new route to the "Indies." Sabatini's account is readable, interesting, and opinionated in all the right places, with just a touch of cynicism when called for. Highly recommended. (written in 1913, btw).
Profile Image for Silvia.
55 reviews
August 3, 2014
When you read this book, it makes you realize that the poor bastards in America, my ancestor Indians, had no chance against the Spaniards when they arrived in our lands. After what they did to their own people in the name of God during the Inquisition.. We were lucky we had any people left alive at all.
2 reviews
August 4, 2013
Very bright picture of religious situation in Spain, in the 15th century. And its tragedy. The only thing - I was expecting more detailed description of Torquemada as a person. But he was showed fragmentary, without psychological depth.
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