A POPULAR SUMMARY OF THIS APPROACH TO “PERSONALITY TYPES”
Helen Palmer has taught the Enneagram since the mid-1970s; she and David Daniels co-founded the Enneagram Professional Training Program (EPTP) in 1988; she retired from this activity (becoming ‘Founder and Core Faculty Emeritus’) in August 2020.
She wrote in the first chapter of this 1988 book, “The Enneagram is an ancient Sufi teaching that describes nine different personality types and their interrelationships. The teaching can help us to recognize our own type and how to cope with our issues; understand our work associates, lovers, family and friends; and to appreciate the predisposition that each type has for higher human capacities such as empathy, omniscience, and love. This book can further your own self-understanding, help you work out your relationships with other people, and acquaint you with the higher abilities that are particular to your type of mind. The Enneagram is part of a teaching tradition that views personality preoccupations as teachers, or indicators of latent abilities that unfold during the development of higher consciousness.” (Pg. 3)
She cautions, “One of the Enneagram’s problems is that it’s very good. It is one of the few systems that concerns itself with normal and high-functioning behavior rather than pathology, and it condenses a great deal of psychological wisdom into a compact system that is relatively easy to understand. If you can type yourself and the people who are important in your life, a lot of information is immediately made available about the way that you and another are likely to get along. There is, therefore, a natural tendency to want to put each other in one of nine boxes, so that each can figure out what the other is thinking and predict the ways in which the other is likely to behave. We want each other in a box, because it lessens the tension of having to live with the mystery of the unknown, and because in the West we have an addiction to reducing information to fixed categories so that we can try to make cause-and-effect predictions. The Enneagram, however, is not a fixed system. It is a model of interconnecting lines that indicate a dynamic movement, in which each of us has the potentials of all nine types, or points, although we identify most strongly with the issues of our own.” (Pg. 6-7)
She acknowledges, “Typing can set up an unfortunate self-fulfilling prophecy. We may learn to type people and then begin to treat others as caricature composites of a list of type traits, which very effectively reinforces type… All too often we begin to see ourselves in the way that we are seen by others and to take on the characteristics of what we have been trained to be… A small-minded approach to typing reduces the value and purpose of a system that suggests that type is merely a stepping-stone to higher human abilities. The good news is that typing doesn’t work in the real world… Why, then, are we so concerned about type? If an accurate set of labels won’t eliminate the risks involved in hiring employees or choosing a mate, why bother to uncover type at all? The reason for discovering your own type is so you can build a working relationship with yourself… The second reason to study type is so you can understand other people as they are to themselves.” (Pg. 8-9)
She states, “Intuition can best be understood as the emerging side effect of the withdrawal of attention from habitual thoughts and feelings… It is not within the scope of this book to discuss even basic internal practices. Practices are best learned with an experienced teacher, in a supportive setting, rather than out of a book, where even the most precise language is sure to fall short of what is necessary to gain access to an altered state of mind. This book is about the preoccupations that are characteristic of different types of people, so for our purposes, it is important only to point out that the way in which each type pays attention to its preoccupations can be both a burden and a blessing in disguise.” (Pg. 30-31)
She notes, “The fact that our mental and emotional preoccupations change when we move from a secure life situation into action, and therefore into some degree of stress, has created something of a cult of security among Enneagram enthusiasts. A security reaction sounds infinitely more appealing than an action/stress reactions, and the strategy of moving forward toward security suggests that the way to health lies in cultivating the better aspects of the security point… My interviews with panelists do not at all suggest that a move-to-security opportunity, such as falling in love with an appropriate and willing partner, will necessarily bring out the better qualities of the security point. A good opportunity can paradoxically produce a stress reaction, because of inexperience or insecurities based on past experience.” (Pg. 43-44)
She recounts, “With a graph like the nine-pointed star, everything depends upon a correct placement of the types in the diagram, because they relate to one another in such specific ways. The current placement of the emotional passions was produced by Oscar Ichazo, and with that deceptively simple arrangement of what Gurdjieff called Chief Feature, the Enneagram code became available to us… Ichazo’s work was unknown until 1970, then he announced a psychospiritual training in the desert near the town of Arica in Chile. About fifty Americans attended… who brought back the report that Ichazo was using the Sufi concepts familiar to many through the Gurdjieff work.
“He was using exercises to develop the ‘three brains,’ or the three kids of human intelligence that Gurdjieff has described as mental, emotional, and instinctual; he was also using the teaching method of animal qualities, and he had written a short précis of the nine personality types, which was subsequently published in a chapter on the Arica training in ‘Transpersonal Psychologies.’ … In a rare public statement, Ichazo indicated that he had been taken on as an apprentice to a teacher when he was nineteen and that through his teacher’s group he had been exposed to Zen and the esoteric basis of Sufism and the Cabla. The group also used techniques that he later found in the Gurdjieff work. Ichazo eventually founded the Arica Institute, which is currently based in New York City.” (Pg. 46-47)
She states, “The difficulty with Ichazo’s Enneagram was that his précis was built on only one of the many dominant issues characteristic of a type, and his descriptive language did not readily translate into psychological terminology. The missing piece in the transmission was supplied by Claudio Naranjo, a Chilean psychiatrist, who attended a part of the Arica training and was able to place the Enneagram into the context of psychological ideas. Naranjo had already developed a reputation as a synthesizer of Eastern and Western approaches to conscious… Naranjo gained his insight by interviewing individuals who were psychologically sophisticated, and who could describe their preoccupation of heart and mind… I learned the Enneagram from Naranjo, who taught the material in the oral way. He was interviewing groups of high-functioning people who were involved in spiritual disciplines…” (Pg. 51)
Later, she adds, “Ichazo has continued to develop his insights into the system through the Arica Institute. He is the major modern source for the material and continues the task of exploring the Enneagram as a model of the transformation of human consciousness.” (Pg. 54)
In an Appendix, she adds, “Empirical study of the Enneagram typology has recently begun, based on published descriptions of the Enneagram theory. Studies in this area are useful to the degree that research findings integrate Enneagram theory with Western concepts of personality. Current research focuses on the stability of the individual person’s Enneagram point over time and the relation of Enneagram type to other theories of personality. Also, researchers are developing personality assessment instruments that may reliably and validly predict Enneagram type.” (Pg. 379)
This popular book will be of great interest to those studying the Enneagram.