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Africa in the World: Capitalism, Empire, Nation-State

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At the Second World War's end, it was clear that business as usual in colonized Africa would not resume. W. E. B. Du Bois's The World and Africa, published in 1946, recognized the depth of the crisis that the war had brought to Europe, and hence to Europe's domination over much of the globe. Du Bois believed that Africa's past provided lessons for its future, for international statecraft, and for humanity's mastery of social relations and commerce. Frederick Cooper revisits a history in which Africans were both empire-builders and the objects of colonization, and participants in the events that gave rise to global capitalism.

Of the many pathways out of empire that African leaders envisioned in the 1940s and 1950s, Cooper asks why they ultimately followed the one that led to the nation-state, a political form whose limitations and dangers were recognized by influential Africans at the time. Cooper takes account of the central fact of Africa's situation--extreme inequality between Africa and the western world, and extreme inequality within African societies--and considers the implications of this past trajectory for the future. Reflecting on the vast body of research on Africa since Du Bois's time, Cooper corrects outdated perceptions of a continent often relegated to the margins of world history and integrates its experience into the mainstream of global affairs.

144 pages, Hardcover

First published March 24, 2014

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About the author

Frederick Cooper

58 books28 followers
Frederick Cooper is an American historian who specializes in colonialization, decolonialization, and African history. Cooper received his Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1974 and is currently professor of history at New York University.

Cooper initially studied the labor movement in East Africa, but later moved on the a broader consideration of colonialism. One of his best known conceptual contributions is the concept of the gatekeeper state.

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Displaying 1 - 6 of 6 reviews
Profile Image for Nick.
Author 4 books21 followers
December 22, 2014
to review the master of africa studies, is a problematic undertaking to say the least. It was well written and well documented. The general point the book is making, is that Africans have agency, Africans had an active role in introducing capitalism in Africa even before outright colonisation. Africans had empires and Coopers claims Africans, especially in french Africa, only reluctantly went for the nation state model when fighting for independance. He claims and provides excellent material to prove it, that African intellectuals knew that a nation state would prove to be problematic in a diverse continent as Africa in combination with the style of state colonialisme would leave behind. It seems that the ideal for many was a neo-imperial style state, keeping the best of empire (the large autonomy and active diverse character) and the best of nation state (equality before law and political citizenship) to make a new kind of state that would cope with the african reality.


in conclusion, a must read on Africa
Profile Image for Warren.
139 reviews1 follower
January 2, 2015
A fascinating look at the history of Africa that helps explain why things are they way they are. But also, importantly, by looking at the past, the book presents a case that alternative models of political formation (e.g. the nation state) are possible and indeed, were actively considered by the British and French (in particular) in the run-up to the decolonisation process of the 1960s.
Profile Image for Yves Gounin.
441 reviews68 followers
January 12, 2016
Frederick Cooper est un des plus grands spécialistes de l’Afrique contemporaine. Etudiant la main d’œuvre africaine, dans les colonies anglaises et françaises, il renvoie dos à dos les nostalgiques du colonialisme et les tenants de l’école de la dépendance. Ses premiers travaux sont longtemps restés inconnus en France avant que Payot ne décide tardivement de les traduire. Il a connu la consécration dans le grand amphithéâtre de la Sorbonne où il a prononcé en juin 2011 le discours de la conférence annuelle Marc-Bloch .

Sa dernière publication rassemble trois conférences prononcées à l’institut W.E.B. Du Bois de Harvard en février 2012. Elles s’inscrivent volontairement dans la filiation du grand activiste afro-américain, auteur en 1946 d’un livre intitulé « The World and Africa ». Comme Du Bois, Cooper veut montrer que l’histoire du monde ne saurait être écrite en faisant abstraction de l’Afrique et que l’histoire de l’Afrique ne saurait être écrite comme un récit purement autochtone. Il le fait en analysant trois concepts, le capitalisme, l’Empire et la nation, et en montrant pour chacun qu’ils ont été acculturés en Afrique.

Dans sa première conférence, il bat en brèche l’idée que l’histoire économique de l’Afrique aurait été celle d’un retard permanent. Avec Morten Jerven , il rappelle que l’Afrique a connu, à certaines périodes de son histoire des périodes de croissance plus fortes que les moyennes mondiales : l’Afrique occidentale de la traite négrière (qu’on aurait tort de réduire à un phénomène purement exogène), le boom du cacao à l’ère coloniale (qui démontre que le régime foncier occidental n’est pas le seul à conduire au développement), la reprise plus récente des exportations.
Dans sa deuxième conférence, Cooper montre que l’Afrique n’a pas seulement été la victime des impérialismes européens. Avant l’époque coloniale, les Africains construisirent des empires. Du Bois en tira même argument pour étayer ses revendications : évoquer en 1946 la grandeur passée, l’immensité et la longévité des empires du Ghana, du Mali, du Songhaï, c’était rappeler que les Africains étaient capables de se gouverner eux-mêmes.
Sa troisième conférence peut se lire comme une critique en règle de l’Etat-nation européen homogénéisant. Cooper revisite l’histoire des indépendances à l’aune des espoirs déçus de créations de fédérations africaines. Il combat une vision rétrospective de l’histoire qui considère l’indépendance d’une cinquantaine d’États comme la seule solution envisageable. Il rappelle les ambitions panafricaines d’un Nkrumah et celles, plus locales, d’un Senghor et montre comment elles furent déçues par l’action conjuguée des anciens colonisateurs (la politique du diviser pour régner) et des nouveaux présidents (Houphouet, Keita …).
A l’âge de l’histoire globale, les travaux de Frederick Cooper entendent donner toute sa place à l’Afrique. Un continent dont l’histoire ne commence pas aux conquêtes européennes et ne résume pas aux traumatismes qu’elles ont causés.
Profile Image for Chloe Z.
123 reviews5 followers
February 24, 2024
I'm glad I finally got around to reading Cooper on the topic of empire, and I definitely have more readings to do. It's interesting to see how African empires were different in kind from the European ones, but I'm not sure if I'm entirely convinced, that colonialism did not fundamentally remake Africa.
Profile Image for Iris.
43 reviews4 followers
September 29, 2020
don't be too radical guys...actually saying colonialism was bad is bad... :(( headass
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