The Ur-mental image of ascendant dictators in the twentieth century is nearly a parody of itself: dressed in camouflage or regaled in other military attire, most were international isolationists who engaged in horrific campaigns of repression, censorship, and even genocide while shoring up their own political ideologies with regimes that blurred the line between government and propaganda. Stalin, Mao, Pol Pot each typify this kind of strongman authoritarian that lives in all our minds rent-free. In “Spin Dictators: The Changing Face of Tyranny in the 21st Century (Princeton University Press, 2022), Sergei Guriev and Daniel Treisman argue that since the 1970s or so, tyranny has undergone a dramatic change. There are certainly still tyrants, but the ways in which leaders tyrannize have slowly changed.
Instead of brutality, fear, repression, and coercion of old-fashioned “fear dictators,” the new “spin dictators” use more covert and tacit forms of control. Instead of outrageous acts of (often public) violence, they use tactics like the co-optation of private media, eschewing any official hardline ideologies, and entertaining the notion of democracy while leading a regime that actively undermines that democracy. In short, the spin dictator often dons a patina of democracy, sometimes openly claiming to be democratic, while nevertheless engaging in highly anti-democratic behavior. They’re also particularly adept at shaping public opinion and creating a broad base of popular support. To make matters even more difficult for international actors who want to push back against tyranny, spin dictators often operate in governments that use – at least on paper – parliamentary or constitutional governments. These modulated, updated tactics are the bread and butter of rulers like Hungary’s Viktor Orban, Vladimir Putin, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Singapore’s Lee Hsien Loong, and Hugo Chavez.
Of course, the authors’ entire thesis begs the question: why the shift? What was the need for fear dictators to adopt these updated tactics? In short, the answer is a complex set of factors brought on by postindustrial society which they call “the modernization” cocktail, though perhaps might have been more accurately called the globalization cocktail. This includes, but certainly isn’t limited to, the information saturation of society, the ubiquity of public education, ever-evolving communication technologies, the international integration of global trade and finance, and the visibility of international human rights programs and support for humane, democratic institutions. Guriev and Treisman end with a chapter called “The Future of Spin” in which they try to anticipate upcoming trends in authoritarian rule.
If you have a background in political science and especially comparative politics of quantitative analyses of dictatorship, this book is superb. Each chapter is devoted to one major way dictatorship has changed. For example, Chapter 2, the cleverly titled “Discipline, But Don’t Punish” (and yes, we caught the Foucault reference) focuses on the shift from explicit, extreme punishment as retribution to more understated methods. Another plus is that Guriev and Treisman go out of their way to quantitatively define “fear dictator” and “spin dictator”; they’re not just working from overly broad, qualitative impressions. The end of each chapter pulls together the pertinent quantitative data and statistics the authors have collected. For the more general reader, this may get tedious. Thankfully, these parts are only the last few pages of each chapter with much of the lion’s share being standard social science fare: not exactly material for the next Alex Cross novel but written in a way that effectively communicates the necessary information.