I’m surprised at how many books I’ve been reading lately that are very similar to Beck’s Risk Society. Now, this isn’t a bad thing, as some of the ideas in that are really, really important and need to be thought about much more broadly. In some ways the key ideas here are very much those explained by Beck in his book.
So, fear. We are mostly afraid of death. And not least because we can’t really conceive it. There was a story, (true, I suppose) about an American on death row who was eating his last meal. He stood up to leave his cell and the guard asked him if he didn’t want to eat his cake. He said he was full and would have it when he got back. This was in an article about America killing people with low IQs.
But there is now an advertising industry in Australia selling funeral insurance and, it seems to me, one of the big selling points is that because you get to pay for the funeral yourself you get to choose how the ‘celebration’ of your life will occur, what music will be played and so on. How is that different from the guy wanting to eat his cake after the electric chair?
Our struggle against death is really something worth thinking about. Recently I read somewhere that more people are alive today who are over 50 than there have been over 50 in the whole of human history. This could well be one of those ‘statistics’ that sound good, but aren’t really true, like that the living outnumber the dead, but all the same, the last hundred years has seen a remarkable change in life expectancy. If we were more rational creatures we would be infinitely grateful for the good nutrition and sanitation (perhaps less so for certain medical advances that generally get much more praise than is deserved). Instead of being grateful we almost assume that mortality is some sort of flaw and one we will very soon overcome.
As Bauman says here, no one just dies anymore. How annoyed would you be if someone you know and love died of ‘natural causes’? Surely, that would just mean that the doctor didn’t know what killed them. We need to know it was a heart attack or liver failure or something else – and then, knowing that, we can imagine ways and means of someday stopping those things from killing us. The idea we ‘have to die of something’ seems impossible to us – if not symptomatic of either too much pessimism or a defeatist attitude.
There is a clear relationship between fear and powerlessness. He makes a lot of the Lisbon Earthquake and how ‘acts of God’ all fall into that long tradition back to the Book of Job – God does crazy shit, you can’t understand it, you just need to put up with it. But now it is worse. Our society probably couldn’t exist if it wasn’t for people following orders and doing stuff they wouldn’t normally dream of doing. It isn't just god that does crazy shit - it's us too. Like nurses who will inflict incredible pain on patients because they are following orders from doctors. What we might call ‘necessary pain’. Ariely talks about this in his The Upside of Irrationality where he tells a doctor that removing bandages one way is better than removing them another way – and the doctor says, yes, but only for the patient. The standard example that is always given is Nazi Prison Guards, of course, but in a bureaucratic world we are all just following orders. How long would you last in virtually any job if you said 'I can't do that, it goes against my basic morality'.
The worst of it is that the problems that really face the world, and the things we ought to be most afraid of, are things we have little or no control over. And not just us, but even our national governments have virtually no control over them either. Worse still, it is in the interests of the very powerful that there is no extension of democratic rights to the global sphere. Today we elect governments that can do virtually nothing about the issues that are to have the most devastating affects on us – global warming, pollution, nuclear weapons – but that then go on to create other fears they can look like they are busy addressing – terrorism anyone?
There was a time when an American President could say, “We have nothing to fear but fear itself”. Imagine if a politician said that today. It is inconceivable. Politicians today multiply fears, they create fears were none existed before. And it is only in this process that they can hope to be elected. It is only through this process that they can help us take our eyes from what are the real issues facing us and that they and we can do nothing about.
And in the process of having us afraid we are increasingly expected to turn to our own resources to tackle these global issues. We are being encouraged to become atoms – remember Thatcher saying there is no society, only individuals – except there is a society and there are society wide problems that can only be faced by citizens, not by individuals.
Marx said at one point, workers of the world unite. But we have seen pretty much the exact opposite of this. Now jobs disappear from high wage countries and end up in low wage countries, only to be moved to lower wage countries. The fear of having one’s livelihood stolen isn’t an irrational fear, it is the lived experience of swathes of people across the planet. But global capitalism is virtually beyond regulation in any form at all. To the point where, for the largest firms, things like paying taxes have become virtually discretionary. The effect of this is to smash organised labour so that there is no competition for capital at all. The consequences are child labour, clothing factory fires, gross exploitation and all covered by mantras about cheaper goods and long-term development advantages. The dream being, I assume, that one day capitalism will run out of cheap labour markets and suddenly everyone will be better off.
When I was a kid the standard call was to ‘think globally but act locally’ – the problem is that we need to act globally to overcome global problems. And we need to do that as global citizens in more than just name. As he says, today the global citizens come in three varieties – the global capitalist who destroys the planet, global academics who go to conferences to discuss how the capitalists are destroying the planet (or to praise them in their destruction) and global terrorists. Perhaps we could do with some global citizens in there too with the power to enforce international behaviours a couple of steps up from our current piracy and pillage. People were able to stop the slave trade, despite all of the reasonable economic arguments about why this would be ultimately impossible.