In Fielding’s earlier novels (Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones), the story ends happily with our hero and heroine getting married, but the reader may well wonder what happened to them after their marriage. For all Fielding’s benevolence, the world in which he places his characters is an unsafe one.
There are always plenty of people ready to cheat, rob or slander his heroes. There are women of easy virtue seeking to seduce our hero, and male satyrs ready to rob the heroine of her chastity, by seduction or by force. The law is ready to be exploited against our heroes and to deprive them of their liberty. However, somehow the institution of marriage apparently offers them a barrier that magically protects them from the vice of others, and the book ends accordingly.
The world of Amelia is a very different one, although in a way it is actually the world of Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones viewed from a different perspective. This is a far less safe world, reflected in the fact that our hero and heroine are already married at the beginning of the book, and will continue to face threats to their happiness and security throughout.
The last Book of Jonathan Wild takes place in a prison, a fitting moral setting for the end of a novel about a rascally anti-hero. In Amelia it is the first three Books of the novel that take place in a prison, and this time the hero is there through no fault of his own. Indeed, we are taken on a tour of the prison, and we soon see that people who are locked up are those who do not have the money to buy their way out, regardless of innocence.
Suddenly the world looks like a far less just place, and indeed the prison acts as a metaphor for the society in which Captain Booth and his wife Amelia move around in. Most of the time Captain Booth is literally confined within a small area of London that he is unable to leave without being arrested for his debts. Indeed he is arrested a couple of times, thanks to duplicitous behaviour on the part of others.
The prison lies in people’s minds too, trapped by their own vices, or by wrong-headed philosophies and values. For the virtuous, the prison is here one of desperate poverty and debt, and being at the mercy of those who would take advantage of them. Notably when Captain Booth is finally freed from prison in Book Four, it is not due to his own virtues or a sudden act of justice, but actually due to his vices. He has an extramarital affair with Miss Matthews, a former acquaintance of his who is in prison after attempting to murder her lover.
Miss Matthews is able to find acquittal thanks to another possible lover, and she agrees to buy the Captain out of prison too. The appearance of Amelia puts an end to her hopes of a prolonged affair with the Captain, though he will be given much cause to rue his indiscretion throughout the rest of the book.
While in prison, Captain Booth relates the history of his relationship with Amelia. After overcoming opposition from her mother, they marry. However, they are disinherited, and Booth depends on the charity of the benevolent Dr Harrison to find him a suitable position. Unfortunately Harrison is called abroad, and Booth soon fritters away his good position and his money, leaving the family in debt.
What is notable about Booth’s story is that it is related by an unreliable source. Booth is naïve and good-hearted, and we will soon discover that many of the people whom he praises in his tale are actually not good people at all. For once Fielding mostly discards the habit of giving his characters comic names that reflect their virtues and vices. Here the characters have neutral common names, and the reader is obliged to take time to work out the true worth of the book’s characters, just as Booth and Amelia have to do, albeit we are given more direction from the omniscient author.
Hence Colonel Bath is honourable in Booth’s account, but proves to be an aggressive bully who equates honour with violence. Colonel James is not the generous friend of Booth’s that he first appears to be, but is actually a selfish womaniser with designs on Amelia. Both men are married to wives, who seem virtuous at first, but who are every bit as snobbish, deceitful and licentious as their husbands.
Indeed other characters in the book will also prove hard to read. Mrs Ellison appears to be a kindly landlady, but is actually working with the unnamed peer to ensure the seduction of Amelia, and she is by no means his first victim. The peer seems philanthropic and loving towards children, but only a means of seducing their mothers. Trent is happy to lend Booth money, but proves to be a cynical pimp and blackmailer.
There are more virtuous characters. However, even some of those are flawed. Mrs Atkinson is a good friend to Amelia, but she is not above exploiting Amelia’s name to get favours from the unnamed lord. Booth may be our hero, but he is weak-willed, and capable of wasting his fortune, and of gambling and infidelity.
It is not for nothing that one of the other great symbols of the novel is a masquerade, where everyone hides behind masks, and the occasion is used for extra-marital assignations and rather more sinister acts of rape. This is a world in which people are not what they seem. Many of them genuinely do have good qualities and this makes it harder for the Booths to discern that they are nonetheless bad people.
There are a few exemplars of virtue in the book. Mr Atkinson is loyal to the Booths, and loving toward Amelia. Dr Harrison too is a model of Christian benevolence and instruction, though readers are likely to find his long speeches and letters rather prosy and sermonising. It is not for nothing that Fielding includes a scene at the masquerade where a diatribe by Harrison about chastity is read aloud to a group of degenerate nobles who laugh at the sentiments.
As ever, the heroine is beyond reproach in Fielding. He is not wholly judgmental about women who lapse, but he still holds on to the idea that a true heroine should have a higher standard of virtue than his hero. If Booth seems undeserving of Amelia, we should remember that nobody could be worthy of such a paragon. Feminists will not find much to admire in Amelia therefore.
They may derive more hope from Mrs Atkinson, who is a genuinely well-educated lady, and who frequently spars with Dr Harrison. Fielding uncharacteristically leaves it open as to whether he personally believes that women should receive a good education. However, while Mrs Atkinson sometimes forgets herself during her arguments, she is a sympathetic character, and her arguments in favour of female education are certainly sensible.
The main theme of the immoral activities that fill the remainder of the book is the question of marital infidelity. Many of the couples seen in the book are entirely faithless towards one another. The men get bored and move on to new women. The women in turn have affairs, or help to procure women for the men. It is this which leads to a corruption of morals, with the characters stopping at nothing to indulge their appetites.
Hence the rest of the book is devoted to Amelia’s attempts to avoid falling into the clutches of a variety of vicious men, including the unnamed lord, Colonel James and Trent. The various machinations of these corrupt men will lead to the constant endangerment of both the Booths, with the Captain frequently at risk of ruination himself, as the philanderers try to get him out of the way.
Captain Booth is also part of this fallen world. Early in the novel, he falls prey to the charms of Miss Matthews, and is obliged to spend a good deal of time trying to conceal details of this from Amelia, unnecessarily since she already knows. This further complicates Booth’s predicament, since he has to cope with the manoeuvres of the discarded Miss Matthews to win him back.
There is a severe price to pay then for all marital infidelities, even those committed by people who are not especially vicious or depraved. This is further emphasised in the story of Mrs Atkinson and her first husband Mr Bennett. Mrs Atkinson was raped by the unnamed lord, and this led to her husband’s death and some guilt on her part. The importance of Amelia maintaining her chastity then is not just a matter of prudishness, but of self-preservation.
While Fielding may condemn infidelity here, he is less harsh on second marriages. There is some discussion about whether remarriage constitutes infidelity or even bigamy, but Fielding (who himself remarried) comes down on the side of favouring remarriages. Hence Mrs Bennett is able to become Mrs Atkinson without any judgment.
One of the other corrupting influences on Captain Booth is his fatalistic philosophy. Booth has turned his back on Christianity and adopted a more fatalistic view of the world in which everything is decided by providence, and vices and virtues do not exist. This view (which is tantamount to atheism in Fielding’s eyes) serves Booth badly, and is one of the reasons why he is feckless with money and faithless to Amelia. It is only at the end of the book that he is able to read some sensible sermons and adopt the proper Christian view of life.
Such a conclusion is a little strange, since this is not a world in which Christian justice is seen in abundance. The virtuous suffer many cruel deprivations, and the vicious are able to prosper, albeit at cost to their soul. It is the first Fielding novel in which a happy ending is genuinely in doubt, until a final plot device restores Amelia to her mother’s inheritance.
Amelia is certainly not as important in its influence on the development of the English novel as Joseph Andrews and Tom Jones. However, in some ways it is more anticipatory of the future direction of the novel. Its one-word title (in the style of Richardson) is more typical of future novel names than the longer verbose titles that Fielding usually employed. Fielding gives his characters realistic names, and a mixture of virtues and vices, rather than setting them up as cardboard cut-outs who serve as mere exemplars of certain traits.
The structure of the book is forward-looking too. It is not a birth-to-marriage book, but one that begins in the middle. It contains several passages that break up the conventional chronology of the story, notably the second and third Books. Fielding employs different voices, with three of the Books narrated by characters of varying reliability. Admittedly it still looks back in some ways, and is structured around Virgil’s Aeneid, albeit loosely.
Fielding also suppresses his authorial voice to a greater degree. There is still a fair amount of commentary from him, but he sets aside only one chapter to have his fireside chat with the reader (employed in the first chapter of every Book in Tom Jones). To a greater degree, he also allows the story to tell itself. Notably the plot is far less tightly-constructed than in earlier books. Indeed it follows a repetitive circle of intrigues against the Booths, reflecting the vicious circle in which our heroes are trapped.
In spite of its anticipation of later novels, Amelia is something of a forgotten work by Fielding, and it deserves to be better known. It is an under-rated work, and one that showed its author to be a gifted writer who still had many ideas and innovations to offer the world.