'To study the way of enlightenment is to study the self. To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be actualized by myriad things. When actualized by myriad things, your body and mind as well as the bodies and minds of others drop away. No trace of enlightenment remains, and this no-trace continues endlessly.'
This is the best of the two books I've read of the writings of Dogen. The eventual founder of the Soto Zen school, Eihei Dogen, was born in 13th century Kyoto. Ordained as a monk in the Tendai School in Kyoto, he became disaffected by its teaching of 'original enlightenment' - this states that since we are inherently enlightened, it is misguided to have a spiritual practice. He understandably ruminated over why it was that so many of the great masters of the past would continue their spiritual practice, if this 'original enlightenment' doctrine was true. In an effort to solve this spiritual puzzle, he traveled from Japan to China in search of better teachers (reminiscent of the Buddha, who set off on a similar quest in Northern India around 1700 years before). He specifically sought 'the body of wholeness' and 'a return to reality', which had eluded him in Japan. After two years of study in China, he is pointed in the direction of Tiantong Rujing, the thirteenth patriarch of the Caodong Buddhist school. Dogen, at 26, must have felt so fortunate to find Rujing, who even before meeting the young man, committed to helping him. He prefaced their meeting with the promise, 'Yes, you can come informally to ask any questions any time, day or night, from now on. Do not worry about formality; we can be like father and son.' Rujing himself had previously set out his own 'Rules for Zazen', in which he endeavours that his students 'engage yourself in zazen as though saving your head from fire.' Following his subsequent two years of studying with Rujing, who confirms his enlightenment, Dogen is named his successor and returns to Japan to distribute what he had learned, in an aim to save sentient beings.
What were Dogen's main teachings? Much like Rujing and the Caodong school, he considered that zazen (sitting meditation) was 'the authentic gate to free yourself'. Free yourself from what, one might ask? Much like Koun Yamada's excellent book 'Zen: The Authentic Gate' describes, it is to free oneself from duality and return to wholeness. In the Introduction, Peter Levitt writes:
'And so, having come to great realization under Rujing’s guidance, Dogen understood fully in body and mind that from the very beginning, wholeness is the fundamental reality for all beings; that, in fact, every form of life is an all-inclusive manifestation of what might be called “original wholeness,” though we suffer from the ingrained pattern of dualistic thinking that prevents us from knowing our complete and original self.'
Dogen's signature ability was using language in novel ways to induce understanding. This results in his teachings being an eclectic mixture of logic, metaphors and traditional Buddhist teachings reinterpreted. Principally, he is attempting to use inherently linearly coated language to capture his non-dual understanding. Despite this talent, he cautions in 'On the Endeavor of the Way':
'Sit zazen wholeheartedly, conform to the buddha form, and let go of all things. Then, leaping beyond the boundary of delusion and enlightenment, free from the paths of ordinary and sacred, unconstrained by ordinary thinking, immediately wander at ease, enriched with great enlightenment. When you practice in this way, how can those who are concerned with the traps and snares of words and letters be compared to you?'
A critical distinction, that I hadn't heard as well put before, was Dogen's conjoining of practice and enlightenment. We often think that the purpose of meditation is to reach enlightenment, but Dogen shatters this misinterpretation. From his experience, Dogen knows that we are always whole and therefore sitting is an expression of enlightenment. The Japanese word 'shushu', which Dogen employs, characterises this, and translates to 'practice-enlightenment'. Dogen tells us:
'Know that fundamentally you do not lack unsurpassed enlightenment; you are replete with it continuously. But you may not realize it and may be in the habit of arousing discriminatory views and regarding them as real.'
But then why, if all of this is true, do we need to practice? Because it is in zazen that we unbind from misapprehending our experience. Zazen cultivates the conditions necessary to embody the experience of the teachings of Dogen and the other masters.
Despite my love of Dogen's main teachings, I couldn't rate this book higher. I'm not sure the editors, Kazuaki Tanahashi and Peter Levitt, fulfilled their aim 'to make his readings accessible to readers, including those who are not familiar with Zen or Buddhism in general'. Levitt, a Zen teacher and Tanahashi, the translator, did a wonderful job with the translation, but Dogen, without commentary is often mystifying. Dogen's way of teaching is, for me, a barrier to what he is trying to say. It is like reading a text which incites the same confusion of koans, interspersed with minimal clarifications. This might work well under the guidance of a teacher, but from afar, it leaves the reader a little disoriented. My rating hovers around 3.75 stars because the Introduction is wonderful, and Dogen's teaching of 'practice-realisation' and the prominence he gives zazen is contagious. This book is certainly more illuminating than 'Beyond Thinking: A Guide to Zen Meditation', in large part due to Levitt and Tanahashi's editing. I would recommend this for someone attracted to a koan way of thinking, and also for someone wanting to deeply acknowledge the importance of meditation in Buddhism and its relationship to realisation.