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Antiquity

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s/t: From the Birth of Sumerian Civilization to the Fall of the Roman Empire

Bestselling author Norman Cantor delivers this compact but magisterial survey of the ancient world -- from the birth of Sumerian civilization around 3500 B.C. in the Tigris-Euphrates valley (present-day Iraq) to the fall of the Roman Empire in A.D. 476. In Antiquity, Cantor covers such subjects as Classical Greece, Judaism, the founding of Christianity, and the triumph and decline of Rome.

In this fascinating and comprehensive analysis, the author explores social and cultural history, as well as the political and economic aspects of his narrative. He explains leading themes in religion and philosophy and discusses the environment, population, and public health. With his signature authority and insight, Cantor highlights the great books and ideas of antiquity that continue to influence culture today.

272 pages, Paperback

First published September 1, 2003

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About the author

Norman F. Cantor

54 books91 followers
Born in Winnipeg, Canada, Cantor received his B.A. at the University of Manitoba in 1951. He went on to get his master's degree in 1953 from Princeton University and spent a year as a Rhodes Scholar at the University of Oxford. He received his doctorate from Princeton in 1957 under the direction of the eminent medievalist Joseph R. Strayer.

After teaching at Princeton, Cantor moved to Columbia University from 1960 to 1966. He was a Leff professor at Brandeis University until 1970 and then was at SUNY Binghamton until 1976, when he took a position at University of Illinois at Chicago for two years. He then went on to New York University, where he was professor of history, sociology and comparative literature. After a brief stint as Fulbright Professor at the Tel Aviv University History Department (1987–88), he devoted himself to working as a full-time writer.

Although his early work focused on English religious and intellectual history, Cantor's later scholarly interests were far more diverse, and he found more success writing for a popular audience than he did engaging in more narrowly-focused original research. He did publish one monograph study, based on his graduate thesis, Church, kingship, and lay investiture in England, 1089-1135, which appeared in 1958 and remains an important contribution to the topic of church-state relations in medieval England. Throughout his career, however, Cantor preferred to write on the broad contours of Western history, and on the history of academic medieval studies in Europe and North America, in particular the lives and careers of eminent medievalists. His books generally received mixed reviews in academic journals, but were often popular bestsellers, buoyed by Cantor's fluid, often colloquial, writing style and his lively critiques of persons and ideas, both past and present. Cantor was intellectually conservative and expressed deep skepticism about what he saw as methodological fads, particularly Marxism and postmodernism, but also argued for greater inclusion of women and minorities in traditional historical narratives. In both his best-selling Inventing the Middle Ages and his autobiography, Inventing Norman Cantor, he reflected on his strained relationship over the years with other historians and with academia in general.

Upon retirement in 1999, Cantor moved to Miami, Florida, where he continued to work on several books up to the time of his death.

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 53 reviews
Profile Image for Tim Martin.
873 reviews50 followers
August 19, 2017
_Antiquity_ by Norman F. Cantor is a very readable and useful general introduction to the history and culture of the ancient Mediterranean. Though he wrote in his introduction that this book covers antiquity from earliest humanity (about 2.5 million years ago) to the fall of the Roman Empire (in the west) in the fifth century A.D., the focus is primarily on the cultures of ancient Greece and Rome as well as on ancient Judaism and early Christianity (with Jewish history particularly well covered). Ancient Egypt is fairly well discussed though there is very light coverage on the civilizations of Mesopotamia and some of the other Mediterranean civilizations, such as those of the Minoans, Phoenicians, and the Carthaginians (and generally the latter only in context with Roman history). Having said that though, I still found the book worthwhile as it provided a nice review of ancient history.

The book has a somewhat odd format. Part I, which he titled the Basic Narrative, is a series of short chapters laying out basic facts about ancient times that he felt every educated person should know. Most of the chapters in this section are about five to ten pages in length. Part II, which he called Societies and Cultures, is over half the book and goes into much more detail, though also covering again some information mentioned in Part I. Part II had some particularly interesting sections, including a chapter on the legacy of Roman law (and on that of Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest Roman lawyer of all time) and on divisions in the early Christian church. This latter chapter was particularly unusual, constructed as an imagined conservation between Saint Augustine (tremendously influential Christian theologian from early fifth century Tunisia), his sister Placida, and a one time friend of Augustine, Bishop Vincent, a leader of a Christian sect called the Donatists, one that Augustine was at odds with.

Cantor remarked several times how remarkable it was that the small city-state of Athens (counting farmers in the nearby countryside not more than 200,000 people at any one time) managed to forge an empire and to become for a time the predominant political, military, economic, and most importantly for us today cultural center for not only Greece but for the Mediterranean. This particular culture gave us Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato, incredibly influential thinkers and writers that along with the Hebrew Bible were the foundations for Western civilization.

The author compared the Jews and the Athenians on one interesting point; both were cultures grounded in an epic historical myth. The Jews had their Exodus and the Athenians had the Trojan War as described in the epic poem _The Iliad_, both of which were national historical myths that gave "identity and moral authenticity" to their respective peoples. While the Jews were seen as "heroic refugees from slavery" and "righteous conquerors" of a pagan land, the Athenians saw themselves as descended from courageous warriors. Controversially, Cantor wrote that there is no evidence of any Jewish Exodus from Egypt (he does provide sources), though I myself had not read that the Exodus was wholly myth. Another observation he made, again new to me, was that Homer was not some folk poet nor were his writings folk stories that grew with time. Rather, Homer's writings were created specifically for the Athenian market, with his sequel to _The Iliad_, _The Odyssey_, revealed "clearly" that he was a "market-driven professional writer," one who borrowed heavily from traveler's stories and Egyptian fantasy in concocting his tale.

Ancient Judaism is very well covered with Cantor describing the evolution of the synagogue and how the modern threefold spilt in Jewish religious culture had it origins in ancient times, as well as the relatively late addition of the concept of personal immortality in Judaism, a concept that quietly entered the rabbinical mainstream around 200 B.C. as a "concession" to the anxious masses by religious leaders.

One interesting point he made several times in the book regarded a civilization's views of history and progress. For centuries the forces for change in the great societies of Egypt and Iraq were generally external rather than internal, spurred not generally by internal power struggles and change but by invasions (with one notable exception in Egypt, the attempt by the Pharaoh Akhenaton to impose a new monotheistic religion around the year 1330 B.C.). The Egyptians felt that events of the moment were transitory, that the present was eternal, and that the world was as a whole static. Egyptian literature did not have careful records of events or the distinctive traits of individual pharaohs, but rather strove to portray the divine ideal, the eternal nature of the subject, independent of time and space. History was at best cyclic. Similarly, many Greeks felt that history moved in circles, repeating itself infinitely. The Jews (and later the Christians) felt instead that history moved forward directly, unrepeatable, from the creation to the end of the world, all preordained by a divine plan. The Jewish idea that each event in history was singular and that history proceeded along a straight path was Cantor wrote to have a profound impact upon European thinking.

Though much of the book focuses on the history of the ancient Mediterranean and the importance of Aristotle, Plato, the Bible, Roman law, and Greek theater (among other things) to the foundation of Western civilization, the author did note some of the deficiencies of classical culture. While the Greeks gave us epic poems, philosophy, theatrical tragedies, and invented the natural sciences, history, and anthropology and the Romans a huge body of poetry and a system of law still more or less in use today in much of Europe, they gave us virtually nothing of the rich oral traditions of the ancient Mediterranean nor any accounts of the hopes, thoughts, and feelings of the millions of people of the era. Additionally, classical culture often lacked a social conscience, oblivious to slavery, despotism, poverty, disease, everyday cruelty, and "might makes right" ways of thinking.
Profile Image for Whitney.
212 reviews
October 6, 2009
You know I gave up on this one. Mr. Cantor seems to be a widely respected academic. But he seemed to be unable to resist the recurring temptation to impose a biased slant on his subject matter (I could probably tell you his viewpoints on flashpoint subjects ranging from the theory of evolution to sexual license). Now I did not pick up "Antiquity" to discover Mr. Cantor's viewpoints on such matters, I picked it up to learn about ancient civilizations. Now I don't want to give the wrong impression, the slanting was subtle and perhaps a less persnickety person would not even notice it, but it was enough to disrupt the experience for me more than once.

That is not to say that I did not learn some interesting facts about ancient civilizations in the 53 pages I did read. And perhaps this is one book that would have improved with acquaintance. I shall never know.
Profile Image for Gary.
28 reviews
August 3, 2007
a good summary of classical western history. covers egyptian, near eastern, greek, and roman history up to the fall of the roman empire in the middle of the first millenium. much of the book is a repeat of what many people have already learned in high school history classes. but the book tends to go into much more depth in certain areas and also includes alternative views of history that aren't usually taught in school.

overall a quick read that provides a surprisingly thorough overview, even if its length makes it necessary to omit many things.
Profile Image for Sarah.
109 reviews
April 27, 2009
It's pretty ambitious for a relatively short book, but it's a good overview. He spends way more time on certain aspects of antiquity than on others - I found the sections on Egypt and the "hydraulic despotisms" somewhat disappointing, but the musings on Judaism and Greek and Roman civilization and culture are more than adequate. I was also a bit surprised, not unpleasantly but surprised nonetheless, by how much space he devotes to extrapolating some aspects into the medieval period and even into modern culture (e.g. Christian thought, Roman law, classical heritage in Western culture).

So the title is a bit misleading because it's not so much a straight history of antiquity, but it's an intriguing read and in the end I feel I know more about the cultures than I did before, and that's a good thing.
2 reviews2 followers
April 13, 2015
As someone who thought she despised history until well into adulthood, this was an approachable introduction to a subset at the centre of a great deal of historical reference and theory. I found it to be engaging and easily readable. The "further reading" recommendations in the back will be put to good use. My only qualm is that the author's approach can come across as sexist, racist or otherwise prejudice. Cantor has clearly made an effort to avoid this but, I believe falls back into it due to the complications of his own perspective.

I cannot comment (as some others have) on the accuracy as I'm not well-versed in the subject. It does make an effort to give a well rounded view. As an American I enjoyed the focus on the governmental philosophies (about the only history I'd had prior) and practices which have so deeply effected our own.


Profile Image for Willow Redd.
604 reviews40 followers
May 17, 2016
Another one off the Read Your Library list and I have to say that I thoroughly enjoyed this!

Cantor writes wonderfully, pulling you in with his style. Covering the period beginning with the dawn of civilization in Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, to the rise and fall of Greece and Rome, and on to the rise of Christianity; Cantor gives an honest view of the history of the ancient world. He destroys a lot of romanticism in the classical portrayals of both early Judaism and the Greek and Roman histories. Instead of simply adopting the classical viewpoint as absolute truth, he presents the less-glossy version. He shows us histories warts.

I would definitely recommend this one to anyone interested in learning more about the ancient world. It's certainly a good book to start with, and Cantor includes some suggestions on further reading for each of the subjects he covers.
3 reviews
December 12, 2018
This is the best history book I have ever read. I'm a journalist and I sometimes read this book just to learn better writing skills! His language is clear, concise, witty and thoughtful. His narrative is extremely tight. I love learning about antiquity and this is the first book I have ever read that explains everything clearly without dumbing anything down -- the rise of each civilization, their culture, their eventual fall, but also what they contributed to the wider social order and our current world. It's kind of like an enycylopedia with insight.He is clearly Jewish because he kind of rides on them and seems to have a deep understanding of Judaism and also isn't afraid to critize the Bible, sometimes harshly. Ugh I love this book! A perfect primer for history buffs, first year history majors or anyone who wants to learn more about their cultural hertiage.
Profile Image for Elisa.
Author 1 book38 followers
May 8, 2008
This book is a sweeping historical overview of the period "from the birth of the Sumerian civilization to the fall of the Roman Empire."

It covers a lot of ground.

It also made me feel weirdly uncomfortable. I felt like the author had clear biases...he dismissed or judged harshly some peoples and their civilizations in a way that seemed non-objective. Certain groups were depicted as more "primitive' than others, but it wasn't justified by his actually factual descriptions of what their lives were like, it seemed injected in because of his attitude or opinion.

it's hard to explain...I would have liked this book for its educational value a lot more, but the tone occasionally made me cranky.
27 reviews
October 23, 2008
A quick (226 pp) but sometimes thick look at the major civilizations of antiquity: Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, with a good coverage of how ancient Judaism formed and interacted to influence western thought and how Christianity then continued that influence.

If you've ever wondered what all the fuss was over Homer, Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Cicero, or Augustine of Hippo, wanted to know what happened in the Punic or Peloponnesian wars, or just wanted a good conversational knowledge of why the Greek and Roman empires in particular are still so studied today, then this will be an interesting read.

I'd give it another star if he didn't get too academic and stilted in his writing occasionally, but still a good read.
Profile Image for Daniel Kukwa.
4,742 reviews123 followers
January 15, 2011
It reads like a dream, it offers fine details without getting bogged down in dull lecturing, and it highlights many of the key contributors to each civilization in interesting (and on one occasion, surprisingly creative) ways. It maintains a fairly jolly objectivity and equilibrium, but doesn’t dismiss outright the religious nature that weaved through many of these civilizations. A definitive primer for its subject matter, and a valuable addition to any historical library.

To put it simply: Norman F. Cantor, I'm a fan!
52 reviews
May 13, 2015
I like this writer. He has a pretty good mastery of language with use of words. This book was a nice little summary of Greek, Roman, Egypt, Christian and Western roots. All that he studied to make this very condensed version I found valuable. Only thing I might add: With discoveries of legacy sites in Turkey, Chile, Peru, under the caribean,... its becoming pretty clear there was advanced society prior to this go around, and catastrophic event which reset mankind.
Profile Image for Amanda.
14 reviews
August 6, 2009
The book that started it all!
Having always been fascinated by the ancient cultures, this was the first book that really enlightened me on their ways of life. Very well organized and well written, easy to follow.
Profile Image for Dave.
167 reviews
September 18, 2012
Great short work on early civilization. Cantor writes easily for any reader of history.
10 reviews1 follower
April 11, 2013
A very enjoyable and well written overview of the ancient Greek, Hebrew, Roman, and Christian contributions to Western Civilization.
Profile Image for Wayne.
97 reviews4 followers
March 20, 2023
When I initially read this book I really enjoyed it. It's a relatively brief and accessible overview of ancient Greek and Roman history. Upon re-read, I began noticing some cracks in the armor. I noticed an assertion that is actually Hollywood fiction rather than fact and that made me read with a much more critical eye. I got bogged down a bit in the section about Roman Law, but in general it's still a concise overview of the Greeks and Romans.
32 reviews
January 19, 2015
This book is too opinionated and too skewed toward sociology, in my opinion, to be history for the general reader. Cantor, who is a fine writer and historian ( read Inventing the Middle Ages) tries to say in the intro that this book will fill a gap for the reader under-educated in the Classics.

Cantor spends way too much time making judgments (" Homer was a market-driven professional") about which either, I think, there is far too little evidence, or is slanted specifically towards a sociological perspective. I think this can be dangerous for readers who have not read widely enough to take what he says as one opinion, and not gospel.

His views are decidedly liberal and iconoclastic. While this is a very useful and profitable view for the student of Classical civilization, it is limiting and dismissive for the general reader. Cantor, while showing all the warts of Classical civilizations, gives us very little of the wonder. It is difficult, I think, to write soberly about Egyptian art and architecture, Old Testament poetry, the democracy and high culture of Greece, and the organization and peace- keeping of Rome without expressing how awe-inspiring these achievements are, but he does it. He makes concessions to staggering achievement, but takes the wind out of the reader's sales by constantly denigrating these cultures. While his views are scholarly and perhaps sometimes correct, this is not the way to introduce readers to the classics and make them want to learn more about these times and places. I only recommend this book if you have read a lot of classical history and are willing to compare his views with others' on these subjects.
188 reviews
December 21, 2010
poorly sequenced, no consistency of historical focus, no narrative continuum. no theme, despite the author's attempts to generate several. it read like a bunch of independent essays -- most of which were strikingly devoid of detail, with a few that tediously celebrated endless minutiae -- which were patched together by an editor who was seriously stoned.

the book was split into two sections - the first entitled "basic narrative," and the second entitled "societies and cultures," with the first half moving forward from prehistory through mesopotamia, egypt, israel, greece and rome, and the second half going /back over/ all the area already covered, providing no greater depth or perspective the second time around. despite the viciously vague but possibly promising section titles, there was no obvious characteristic separating content in one half from content in the other -- it was like reading two successive random samplings of antiquity, sometimes following the traditional canon of important events, often going on tangents which rarely supported a sense of overall narrative and were never interesting enough to justify their insertion.

i feel like i read a bad book twice.

yuck.
Profile Image for Rachel.
218 reviews240 followers
June 26, 2009
A note to Mr. Cantor: when one writes a brief but apparently authoritative and comprehensively wide-ranging volume on the 'civilization of the ancient world', the proportion of it that concerns the early development of the Judeo-Christian peoples should not exceed oh, say, one-fifth. If that. Antiquity discussed these religious predeccesors of modern Jews and Christians for at least a full third of its length (I can attribute this to no cause but pro-monotheistic prejudice).

The remainder of the book, which discussed the other, and, to be honest, far more contemporaneously significant civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome. And an unbelievably brief section on Mesopotamia. These brief overviews somehow managed to contain the most simplistic and frankly ludicrous literary criticism of Euripides that I have ever read.

Stick to Edith Hamilton for these sort of 'cultural histories'. At least her pretentiousness is well-deserved.
Profile Image for Joseph Viola.
105 reviews9 followers
March 30, 2021
I liked the breadth of the book, but would have liked more detail on each of the subjects. At ~300 pages it's hard to cram in Ancient Egypt, Athens, Rome, and the rise of Judaism and Christianity, so lack of depth is understandable, if not also unsatisfying. The book lays a good foundation for each of these subjects and makes me want to explore each more thoroughly. I considered giving the book 4 stars until the absurd chapter based on an imagined conversation between St. Augustine and Vincent.
20 reviews
February 19, 2017
This had some good information and was basically a slightly more detailed review of what I learned in middle school. But the things he chose to focus on were odd, and there was a big tonal shift in the chapter on Christian thought. Also, I was hoping for more information on the early civilizations we don't hear as much about, like Phoenicia and Carthage, but the author focused on those that have had the biggest impact on our thought and culture today. Nor were other civilizations included in the further reading. There was just a big present-centered lens that wasn't what I was looking for.
Profile Image for Megan.
1,597 reviews56 followers
December 4, 2007
This book was great overall! I got bogged down several times by the author's own opinions of past historical events of why he thought they took place. He made you feel that if you don't agree with his opinions- you are an idiot who does not know history. Aside from that- if you can get past Cantor's feelings about history, the books as a whole is very intriguing.
Profile Image for Bob.
453 reviews1 follower
October 22, 2008
Totally biased and inaccurate. In the first page the author says something to the effect of "I'm not going to burden you with details such as names and dates...."

What?

Oh, my bad. Who needs specific things like facts when reading a history book. Yet, I still squeaked out a second star because of my love for the ancient world...even this author couldn't ruin that.
Profile Image for G. Tramaine Peoples.
31 reviews10 followers
June 4, 2012
Decent read on many of the popular cultures from Ancient times.. I was only disappointed because I purchase this book in hopes of gaining more knowledge on the history of the Summerians but not a lot of information is presented on them. Perfect for if you need to write an essay on any of the great civilizations on Antiquity..
Profile Image for Hannah.
25 reviews1 follower
April 16, 2017
All of the 1 star reviews and a few of the 2 star reviews says it all. I'm sorry Mr Cantor never got around to reading up on the Dead Sea Scrolls, perhaps he was too uncomfortable with real "facts" staring him in the face.

This is entertainment, at best. Even Brendon Fraser and Harrison Ford have more accurate things to say about history and archaeology.
Profile Image for Taylor.
44 reviews2 followers
January 30, 2010
This book was hard to get through. On the surface it's mainly a drive-by of random factoids that cover the ancient world, so it's a Cliffs Notes of sorts. If not for the bias Cantor inserts into his writing, I'd say it's a good book for a high school student.
Profile Image for Whitney.
190 reviews21 followers
March 25, 2012
I gave this book three stars because it had great information. However the writing style was confusing and long winded. The book should not take the reader long and should be able to be read cover to cover, I found myself using the textbook method throughout over half the book .
Profile Image for Heather Lewis.
19 reviews2 followers
August 22, 2013
The information in the book was insightful and helped to broaden my knowledge in the history but I did not care for how he organized the information. Furthermore, the book had a tendency to be dry in certain areas.
Profile Image for Peter.
196 reviews7 followers
October 29, 2014
This book is awful. Disjointed nonsensical rants do not make for a good History book. Entire civilizations are dismissed in brief summaries in favor of endless meandering snooze inducing dead ends. Save your money, even Wikipedia is better than this turkey.
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