The Tidewater Virginia landscape and society nourished the creative imagination of William Styron, and the three stories that he brought together as the collection A Tidewater Morning in 1993 all share that rich sense of Hampton Roads' landscape and culture. Nearing the end of his literary career, Styron chose, for his last published work of fiction, to look back to, as he put it in an introductory author’s note, “the experiences of the author at the ages of twenty, ten, and thirteen”, through “an imaginative reshaping of real events…linked by a chain of memories.” And the power of memory is certainly an important element behind the success of this set of Three Tales from Youth (the book's subtitle).
Styron was often spoken of, in the context of post-World War II American literature, as one of the top novelists of his generation; students of Southern U.S. literature often linked his work with that of Southern Renascence writers like Thomas Wolfe, an author whom Styron particularly admired and sought to emulate. It is all the more striking, therefore, that in contrast to the notoriously prolific Wolfe, Styron was sometimes so sporadic in his output.
After his brilliant debut novel, Lie Down in Darkness (1951), it was nine years before Styron published his next major novel, Set This House on Fire (1960). Between the controversial historical novel The Confessions of Nat Turner (1967) and the Holocaust-themed epic Sophie’s Choice (1979), twelve years elapsed. And fourteen years after Sophie’s Choice, Styron presented – a 142-page collection of short stories, with large print and generous line spacing at that.
I suppose Styron’s literary agent had to cultivate a sense of patience.
All that being said, the stories brought together as A Tidewater Morning are carefully crafted and emotionally affecting, with that mellifluous Southern voice that is so characteristic of Styron’s work.
For “Love Day,” the first of these stories, Styron looks back to his time as an officer in the United States Marine Corps during the Second World War. Trained for combat in the Pacific Theatre, Styron never got to see action, as the Imperial Japanese regime surrendered before his deployment orders came through. The story’s narrator, Paul Whitehurst, reflects how, at the time of his Marine unit’s training for the invasion of Okinawa, he and his friend Doug Stiles “possessed beautifully honed killers’ skills, waiting to be tried” (p. 4); but in the context of a simulated assault exercise, Paul and Stiles hear of “Rumors…spreading before L (for Love) Day morning that after the fake assault and the interminable hours afloat we would not be called upon to fight at all, but instead would steam back to our enchanted Saipan, with its empty nights and its Abbott and Costello movies” (pp. 6-7).
Seeking confirmation of this rumor – the truth of which would set at naught all their training, but would also increase the likelihood of their surviving the war – Paul and Stiles go to see their lieutenant colonel, a dashing but bigoted officer whose obsessions include Karl Marx and transgender women. In the course of the conversation, Paul’s thoughts drift back to a childhood drive in the Virginia countryside with his parents – an occasion when his mention of a Saturday Evening Post story about a fictional Japanese invasion of the United States of America occasioned a tense conversation between his mother and father, revealing the profound differences in outlook between his Southern-born father and his Northern-born mother. The story, with its evocative description and minute detail, shows how directly Styron drew from life in crafting his fiction.
The story “Shadrach” is set in 1935; Paul Whitehurst is once again the narrator, and this time he is looking back to when he was ten years old. The title character is a very old African-American man – “a black apparition of unbelievable antiquity, palsied and feeble” (p. 41). Born into slavery, Shadrach has walked all the way from Alabama, 600 miles, just so he can sit and behold the millpond at the old Dabney plantation where he lived during childhood. Meanwhile, the Dabney family, once eminent among the F.F.V.’s (First Families of Virginia), have undergone a decided decline in their fortunes; the family’s patriarch at that time, Vernon Dabney, is a backwoods manufacturer of illicit liquor – “a soul…beset by many woes in the dingy threadbare year 1935, being hard pressed not merely for dollars but for dimes and quarters, crushed beneath an elephantine and inebriate wife, along with three generally shiftless sons and two knocked-up daughters, plus two more likely to be so, and living with the abiding threat of revenue agents swooping down to terminate his livelihood and, perhaps, get him sent to the Atlanta penitentiary for five or six years” (p. 58).
Vernon Dabney expresses, repeatedly and profanely, his unhappiness at Shadrach’s return to the old Dabney plantation – particularly as he knows that Shadrach seems not long for this world, and that he may have to pay for Shadrach’s funeral. Yet like everyone else in the story, Dabney seems bound by a grudging respect for the integrity – the mythic, even heroic quality – of Shadrach’s quest. Named for a Biblical hero who survived confinement in a fiery furnace, Shadrach has survived the fires of antebellum slavery and post-Civil War segregation, and has returned home for the end of his odyssey.
Reading “Shadrach,” I could not help but think of The Confessions of Nat Turner and the controversies attendant upon that novel. In planning and writing that novel, Styron seems to have hoped that, in a great act of creative imagination, he could cross the barrier of race and take on the perspective of a well-known African-American revolutionary. Yet many critics – not all of them black – felt that Styron had engaged in an act of cultural appropriation, with his often unheroic portrayal of Nat Turner. With “Shadrach,” Styron may have been trying to turn the page on those difficult days from his earlier literary career, with a thoughtful and sympathetic portrayal of an African American with heroic qualities.
And for the title story, “A Tidewater Morning,” Paul Whitehurst looks back to the year 1938, when he was thirteen years old, and when his mother was in the last stages of the cancer that would take her life. Paul Whitehurst recalls the sense of stasis that attended the long vigil at his mother’ bed of illness:
And thus the silence, I knew, meant that my father and Miss Slocum had again taken up their vigil at my mother’s bedside, creating that virtually motionless tableau which – whenever I stole past the room, forbidden to go in – appeared to have existed immemorially, like some old painting or illustration I had seen (or thought I had seen) called “The Sickroom”: the recumbent form in the blue nightgown, unsheeted in the heat, only the bare, withered calves showing, and the bruised-looking skeletal feet; the shirt-sleeved back of my father bent forward in his chair, obscuring my mother’s face, his tense arms seeming to be suspended in the act of a frantic embrace; Miss Slocum gazing from the other side of the bed with a look of pensive dreaminess, unperturbed, the light glinting from the starched cap resting like a white tiara upon the crest of her permanent wave. (p. 100)
Paul Whitehurst seeks relief from his sorrow in the familiar landscapes of his hometown – and in passages like this one, where he describes a favorite pier, one gets a sense of how strongly the Tidewater Virginia landscape of Styron’s Newport News boyhood influenced the future novelist:
The pier! My second summer home, my hangout, my club, my Riviera, my salvation. It stretched out on barnacled timber pilings a hundred yards, terminating in a platform from which we swam at low tide or, at high tide, dove like pelicans, plunging into turbid water that all summer long was as warm as the mouth of the Amazon. It was like a Saturday night bath, and a little less clean, situated as it was only a few miles upstream from the vast shipyard and its effluvium… (pp. 126-27)
That passage of description reminds me how, in the prefatory author’s note cited at the beginning of this review, Styron remarks that these stories are linked by their setting: “the Virginia Tidewater of the 1930s”, a place that was “not the drowsy Old Virginia of legend but part of a busy New South”. Both the region and Styron’s depiction of the region were already familiar to me: I went to college in southeastern Virginia, and often read Styron’s work throughout my time living in that singularly beautiful part of the country. And I took up A Tidewater Morning on a recent return to the Hampton Roads area, for a visit to the Sandbridge section of Virginia Beach, a part of the Commonwealth’s largest city that nonetheless has the look and the feel of a small, out-of-the-way Tidewater beach town.
In this collection, as in all of Styron’s work that has a Tidewater setting, I found Styron’s recreation of life in that historic and fast-changing region evocative and convincing; and the three tales of A Tidewater Morning, while much briefer in scope and less elevated in terms of their literary goals than the major novels for which Styron is better-known, certainly show a gifted literary stylist and important Southern writer at work.