First the positives. This is an easy to read, engaging book. It is full of rambling digressions which, though beside the point, are nonetheless entertaining on a single read through. The author (a news anchor on BBC Radio 4s ‘Today’ program) comes across as likable, down to earth and a reasonable sort of straightforward type who is proud to describe himself as a ‘hack’; someone who has ‘been around the block more than once’.
The book tied in with a program (also on Radio 4), “Humphrys in search of God”, which ran in 2006. The conceit was Humphrys on a personal journey of spiritual discovery. In the book he tells us he is a lapsed believer, an agnostic who now cannot believe in the existence of God or any of the biblical myths. Strikingly however he would: “rather like to believe wholeheartedly in God” (pp133). This seems to illustrate a sad truism: someone religiously indoctrinated at a young age who has subsequently broken away can never quite shake the urge to go back. For here we have a discerning, intelligent, incisive man with a sceptical nature; someone who knows all the arguments run against theism and yet who still wishes he could believe. There is something melancholy in the spectacle of a hardened investigator who recognises all the cognitive biases that frail humanity is prone to and yet who still hankers for the delusion. Rationalists can only emphasize that Humphrys’ pronouncement at the end of the book: ‘it is in human nature to want to believe’ is not universally felt.
Humphrys is a that species of moderate who ‘believes in belief’ (as characterised by Dennett and Dawkins) and although this book is ostensibly a paean to Agnosticism it resembles in places nothing less than a vituperative and intemperate attack on the evils of ‘New Atheism’. It is odd that someone who is to all intents an atheist and has written a book dedicated to the middle ground of agnosticism should be so anti-atheist/ pro-theist and again I can only put this bias down to his early indoctrination.
The style of the prose is vernacular, conversational. He has a no-nonsense, everyman, persona which reads well enough if you are familiar with Humphreys and can hear his voice in your mind. Unfortunately his persona seems to delight in affecting an anti- intellectual stance. He compares his ‘real-world been-round-the-block’ character with: Professors who have ‘brains the size of Antarctica’ and who argue ‘ like a couple of small boys fighting who gets the biggest slice of the cake’. (pp61).
Again, on pp.44 he quotes favourably from Paul Davies the assertion that appealing to a Multiverse as an explanation for the complexity of our universe is scarcely better than appealing to a god. However he then quotes Tegmark’s reason for why the Multiverse is actually a far better theory than the god hypothesis (i.e. it is infinitely simpler). After Tegmark’s argument Humphrys says: ‘I haven’t the foggiest idea what it means but it’s impressive isn’t it’ Why would he quote Tegmark (appositely) if he doesn’t understand him? - In fact why doesn’t he understand what is a clearly stated rather straightforward argument?
It’s as though Humphrys has adopted a veneer of stupidity? Perhaps it is just a persona to appeal to the man in the street who might conceivably be reading this book? Perhaps it is only so he can justify drawing the fatuous conclusions that he does (there is no reason to favour the Multiverse). This is, I suppose, one way to ‘win’ an argument: first claim that you are too ignorant to understand any counter argument and then assume your readership can’t understand it either and therefore imply the argument has no value and is thereby rendered false.
This is the method of a true anti-intellectual demagogue, appealing to the mob by decrying sound arguments and inferring that the boffins who propound them aren’t living in the ‘real world’
It would be more charitable to believe that Humphreys actually is as dumb as he claims, but this won’t do. Notwithstanding that his reading matter in preparation for this book seems to consist entirely of children’s books by Phillip Pullman and JK Rowling or light material from Douglas Adams (and we might wish our intellectual discourse to be led by those with rather wider tastes) - this man is a incisive anchor from a well regarded news program. He is not a dunce; he can understand the arguments. However he avers that they: “can be safely ignored by those of us who get on with life in the real world” which in his case is either the rarefied atmosphere of an organic farm in rural Wales or an air-conditioned studio in central London.
However there are other embarrassing intellectual blunders which lend further credence to his cognitive short comings. For example on page 80 he comes upon Russell’s teapot (a thought experiment designed to show that the onus is on the believer to prove his gods and not upon the unbeliever to disprove them) Instead of focusing on the general point which the argument was designed to illustrate he can’t get beyond the teapot. He seems to think the argument can be dismissed because a religion based around a teapot wouldn’t have the same lasting appeal as one based on a God!
Russell’s Teapot is actually the definitive answer to all agnostic hand-wringing and if Humphrys understood its full import then he would have to get off the fence- for it fully illustrates how forlorn the agnostic stance is.
When, towards the end of the book in his concluding thoughts, Humphrys quotes with praise a piece by Rod Liddle (another journalist):
“The true scientific position, of course, is that there may be a God, or there may not be a God. Why can’t we leave it at that?”
...it seems like the reasonable plea of a rational agnostic. But it’s here the teapot is so devastating. The classic agnostic mistake is to imagine there is only one choice: between a (Christian) God and no (Christian) God and that the odds are near 50/50. The teapot illustration emphasizes that there are an infinite number of options ranging from competing established gods (Allah, Shiva, Poseidon etc) through to tooth-fairies, Flying Spaghetti monsters, leprechauns and pink unicorns to the orbiting teapot itself - none of which Humphrys, Liddle or anyone else would be remotely interested in being agnostic about.
Look: Can we prove there is no orbiting teapot: No!
Does this make it reasonable to assume there is an orbiting teapot: No!
Does it seem reasonable to be agnostic about an orbiting teapot: Not quite...
End of argument! [Thanks Sam Harris]
The same argument applies to any evidence free god you can think up.
Humphrys’ bluff gumption works best in the interviews with the 3 wise men; the representatives of three major religions. He states that he would like to be converted by these religious experts but goes into it knowing that he won’t as he is just too cynical and has seen too much of the evils of the world.
He pierces their pretentious waffle with simple questions exposing the woeful lack of content in their answers. ‘No it won’t do’ he cries and anyone who has previously heard Rowan Williams (the bearded last but one Archbishop of Canterbury) expostulate on matters esoteric will heartily agree. There is nothing which comes from the mouth of this wishy-washy moderate cleric that doesn’t have an air of condescending pseudo-intellectual, obscurantist bullshit. I have yet to hear him say any substantive thing about his religion that isn’t couched in caveats or dissembling opt-outs. Never once is he straightforward on the subject of religion.
During the interviews they investigate all the classic conundrums that are unnecessarily thrown up as a consequence of a belief in gods. So we get: The Problem of Evil; Why doesn’t prayer work; How can we account for freewill with an interventionist god etc. All of these pseudo-problems dissolve when you dispense with the god hypothesis. The Jew, Muslim and Christian give their deeply inadequate, evasive answers, each harping on the theme of ‘God’s Mystery’. At least the Jew is forthright. For true vacuity dressed up in the most revolting supercilious condescension you need only listen to Dr Willliams. If you spend time (that you will never get back) analysing his caveats, disclaimers, and flummery for the elusive meaning you’ll find there is literally no content.
Humphrys devotes a whole chapter to conscience and it soon becomes clear why.
“The notion of conscience seems to me to be central in the debate about the existence of God.” (pp242) “...is it God that tells us what is right and wrong?” (pp243)
“As for me, it is difficult to understand the existence of conscience without accepting the existence of something beyond ourselves.” (pp243)
“If there is no God, why should we be good?” (pp257)
This is the one area he believes science cannot explain and therefore has to be explained by reference to a god. He takes a cursory look at some non-theological explanations from evolution against this stance but in the end his ‘gut-feeling’ is that it can’t be done. This strikes one as a most desperate straw clutching exercise.
His real agenda against the NA soon becomes apparent with a whole slew of bad arguments encompassing straw men, laughable logic and downright calumny aimed in a manner so inept and embarrassing you almost want to turn your eyes away- after all this is (as the back cover proclaims) - a national treasure speaking up. Humphreys early on in the book owns up to making some embarrassing gaffs on air in the early days of his broadcasting career- happily for him these are lost to the ether; how much worse the howlers set down here to stand as a monument to his blundering foray into the world of ideas.
He ends the section on the Multiverse by claiming that this cosmological theory has no explanatory value beyond the god hypothesis and therefore those who ‘believe’ in it do so on ‘faith’. “It’s beginning to sound a bit like religion isn’t it” he says. In other words, for all their brains, the boffins are just like the naive believers in a sky-daddy, with no reason or evidence- scientific theory is just another religion. In another passage we discover that Dawkins admiration for Darwin is “perilously close to worship” (pp254). On the other hand scientists would strip away all the mystery and enigma of life because they look for “prosaic and provable explanations” (pp255). But aren’t the real mysteries of life and the universe preferable to those proposed by iron-age man in a gimcrack book of myths cobbled together centuries ago?
His main beef with the ‘New Atheists’ seems to be not with intellectual argument (all the evidence is on their side he readily concedes) but that they will never persuade anyone out of theism because believers do not come to god through argument but by processes: ‘intuitive, instinctive, emotional, visceral’ (pp66) which is: ‘a lot more to do with hearts than minds’ (pp67). Sam Harris has often been challenge on this and has countered that he is in receipt of thousands of letters that testify to the power of argument in changing their minds.
But Humphrys as a ‘believer in belief thinks that people need their faith: it helps them face life and death with hope. The average person needs religion essentially because they are unintelligent, uninformed, gullible or weak. Several passages in the book accuse the ‘New Atheists’ of thinking that believers are stupid (a straw man by the way; to my knowledge no ‘New Atheist’ has ever claimed this) but let’s be clear who is actually branding the lowly believers as intellectual children. The New Atheists simply advocate speaking the truth about these matters; Humphreys and his ilk think this is a bad idea.
What leads Humphrys to accuse the New Atheists of branding believers as stupid? Is it because he conflates ‘delusion’ with ‘stupidity’? I don’t know if any NA has ever labelled the faithful as ‘stupid’- I’m fairly sure, at least in the published work, that they haven’t. However Richard Dawkins (at least) is well known for calling them deluded. There is a big difference between the two concepts- a difference which it seems Humphrys has not considered. A genius may be deluded (momentarily or chronically); he might have taken a psychoactive substance for example, or he might have been amused and astonished by a conjuror, or he might have misremembered what someone had said a few years back. Delusion is to just unknowingly get something wrong and think it right. For a believer this might be wishful thinking; self-denial; an unwillingness to follow reason and logic- there are many paths to delusion. Stupidity is perhaps the least of them.
Much is directed against the New Atheists. They are guilty of intemperate, unacceptable argument (pp301) In this regard Christopher Hitchens is described as worse than the Taliban (pp. 11), a pretty substantial claim in a book which later (pp246) describes the Taliban practice of stoning to death adulterers buried up to their necks on football pitches.
And yet has he even read the ‘New Atheist’ books? One wonders that he can misname Sam Harris as ‘Sam Smith’ not once but 6 times (I’m reviewing a first edition library book, this mistake has perhaps been discovered and changed in reprints).
Humphrys enjoys making sweeping pat statements that sum up his position to his satisfaction and are designed to convince us that he is a reasonable man who has dispassionately looked at the evidence. Take for example this on page 322: “It is too easy to blame the evils of the world on a belief in God.” This is of course another straw man: no New Atheist writer has said anything as general as this; but more to the point, it’s hard to see a statement like this as anything other than disingenuous when placed next to: “It is only relatively recently that we have been able to question the existence of God and live to argue another day.” (pp.59) and that is only in the Western world!
In a masterpiece of clumsy misrepresentation, forthright lies and straw-man construction (pp302) he attempts to sum up the position of the New Atheists as he sees it. In fairness he does recognise that his 7 point breakdown as an ‘over-simplification’ but assures us that it’s ok to do this because: ‘it’s what [New Atheists] do to believers all the time’.
He then pushes over his ranks of straw-men. For example Atheists believe that all religious people are naive or stupid- but they’re not: TA DA! A point for him!
Someone else who he quotes respectfully is Giles Fraser (pp305) a spokesman who ‘atheists find difficult to deal with’. Well, yes. The reason being that he seems to be of the Karen Armstrong school which holds that Religion has no propositional content. In other words Christ wasn’t born of a virgin, didn’t do miracles and most importantly was not resurrected. The reason that atheists find this difficult to deal with is that it is not religion at all; certainly not Christianity. Fraser might follow a philosophy propounded by Christ or some such thing- but if he doesn’t believe in His divinity what is there to argue about? No atheist would have an issue with someone who admires the benign humanistic philosophy of a fellow human.
So- fun to read, easy to dismiss. Light-weight in argument- a book for those who don’t want to think too deeply about the possible doubts they have concerning their superstitious beliefs.