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九章算术
汉•张苍
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《九章算术》最早提出正、负数的概念。特别是负数概念的提出。是人类关于数的概念的一次重大飞跃。在印度,直到公元7世纪才出现负数的概念;而欧洲,比印度还晚1000年,直到17世纪才有人提出负数的概念。《九章算术》提出“盈不足术”,即用两次假设,可以把一般方程式化为盈不足问题,用“盈不足术”求解。而这一解法,直到13世纪才由阿拉伯人传至欧洲。被欧洲人称为“契丹算法”(即“中国算法”)。
《九章算术》最早系统叙述了分数的约分、通分和四则运算法则。也最早提出了“线性方程组”的概念,并系统地总结了它的算法。
笛卡儿在他的《几何学》一书中一开始就宣称:“我将亳不犹豫地引进算术的术语,以使自己变得更加聪明。”笛卡儿的几何学贯穿了彻底的中国数学的算法精神。标志着世界数学回归东方数学的算法体系。
109 pages, Kindle Edition
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