The presidency of Andrew Johnson had all the makings of a Greek tragedy. Stepping into the role of Chief Executive less than a month after he was elected vice-president, Johnson followed the greatest of all US presidents into Office, and left a legacy as one of the worst. He stepped into his leadership role at a critical juncture in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War and following the first presidential assassination in U.S. history. His demise was precipitated by his deep-seated racism, coupled with his uncompromising temperament. In "The Loyalist," Jeffrey Smith does a fine job of presenting Johnson's life, his hubris, and his ill-fated presidency.
Johnson had neither the temperament nor the rectitude that his times required. He had been selected as Lincoln's running mate because he was the only Southern Senator who opposed succession from the Union. He believed, as did Lincoln, that the difficult process of Reconstruction that lay ahead should not take a punitive approach towards the South. But their rationales for taking this approach could not have been more different.
In his Second Inaugural Address, Lincoln extended the olive branch to the South. "With malice towards none," Lincoln believed that a more conciliatory approach to the former Confederacy would help heal the wounds of the badly battered country following four devastating years of civil war. Johnson supported abolition, but, unlike Lincoln, opposed equality for blacks.
As Smith noted, "It was the blending of racism and fervent anti-secessionism that propelled Johnson from governor of Tennessee to vice-president of the United States". As Military Governor of Tennessee, Johnson paved the way for the state to be the first readmitted to the Union after the war. But blinded by his bigotry, Johnson would never support legislation that would grant civil rights or suffrage to those who had been emancipated.
Johnson's magnanimous approach towards the South did not extend to all. Johnson was born a "mudsill", a poor white Southerner who blamed succession on aristocratic whites who had stigmatized his lowly beginnings. Johnson had no objection to harsh treatment for the white leaders of the South who had disastrously induced succession and formed the Confederacy. As for blacks, Johnson considered them inferior to whites and had little regard for how they were treated.
During Johnson's one term in office, Radical Republicans of the North, who dominated Congress, wanted the South punished and blacks raised to a status of equality with whites. Johnson, as noted, wanted just the opposite: leniency for the South, at least for poor whites, and a subordinate place in society for blacks. Thus, Johnson remained isolated and at odds with both the legacy of Lincoln and with the will of Congress.
Johnson's clash with Congress came to a head with the passage of the Tenure of Office Act of 1867, after an override of Johnson's veto. The Act required the President to seek Congressional approval before removing high-ranking officials who required Senate approval for their appointment. The political motivation behind the legislation was to ensure that Secretary of War Stanton would not be fired. Stanton was a holdover from Lincoln's cabinet and was ardently aligned with the Radical Republicans. For Johnson, it was untenable to have his Secretary of War, who was overseeing Reconstruction, attempting to follow a course completely at odds with his own.
Johnson defied the Tenure of Office Act, which he considered unconstitutional, and attempted to rid himself of Stanton in one of the most high stakes dramas ever to play out between the executive and legislative branches. Johnson was ultimately impeached for "high crimes and misdemeanors", and escaped conviction by one vote.
Although the opprobrium directed at Johnson because of his racism is warranted, his defiance towards Congress stemming from the Tenure of Office Act was understandable. As President, it was not unreasonable to expect loyalty from his cabinet members. Yet it was for attempting to removal a disloyal cabinet member that Johnson endured the humiliation of an impeachment trial. Johnson was somewhat vindicated on this point posthumously when the U.S. Supreme Court in 1926 declared the Tenure of Office Act an unconstitutional encroachment on executive power.
Johnson continued throughout his presidency to veto legislation that attempted to set a course of Reconstruction that diverged from his own. Congress continued to override his vetos, completely derailing his own plan of Presidential Reconstruction. The result was in large measure what Lincoln had hoped to avoid: a Reconstruction that deepened the divide between North and South without providing the necessary salve for the Nation.
Congress despised Johnson: the press, most of his cabinet, and the electorate came to despise him as well. Like many other U.S. presidents both before and after him, Johnson believed that going on the stump and taking his platform to the people would improve his image and lead to acceptance among the people. Instead, he was booed and heckled almost everywhere he went. He was booted from office in 1868 by Ulysees S. Grant. Several years later, Johnson was able to partially redeem his legacy by returning for a brief period to Washington as a U.S. Senator.
Mr. Smith's biography successfully chronicles the complexity of the times in which Johnson sought to lead the nation. Johnson was the wrong man to have stepped into the enormous shoes of Lincoln, and Mr. Smith admirably traces the reasons why this was so. His writing is clear and concise, although his overuse of italics is a bit distracting. Mr. Smith presents what positive there was in Andrew Johnson without masking his dismal record and legacy. "The Loyalist" is just the book for anyone wanting a basic understanding of the Johnson presidency, the course of Reconstruction, and the tragic flaws that ultimately led to Johnson's demise.