Notes
Big bang first proposed by Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre, the Cosmic Egg theory of the primeval atom, exploding in a moment of creation. Fred Hoyle disparagingly calls it the big bang theory.
Terence McKenna - science says ‘give us one free miracle, and we’ll explain the rest’ (appearance of all mass and energy in the universe, and all the laws governing it - in an instant from nothing).
Morphic fields for all kinds of organizing influences - morphogenetic (molecules, crystals, tissues), social (flocks of birds), behavioral - with inherent memory.
Eliminative materialism does away with beliefs/feelings altogether, all is material working of neurons. Epiphenomenalists agree consciousness exists, but as epiphenom that doesn’t do anything.
Mechanistic theory of morphogenesis centers on DNA because 1. Differences in animals can be traced to genes 2. Chemical basis of genes is DNA 3. DNA replicates through transcription and translation and into amino acids which link to form polypeptide chains which fold to form proteins. 4. Cell characteristics like metabolism, structure etc depend on proteins.
Inducers/Repressors can switch on/off genes - control of protein synthesis. A ‘genetic toolkit’ of genes are concerned with the regulation - almost identical across organisms: for instance those concerned with body-axis in fruit-flies, mice, and humans are all similar.
Vaitalists: Hans Driech uses regulation, regeneration, and reproduction to show there is something about living organisms that acted on the physical system but was not part of it - he calls this Entelechy - an intensive manifoldness, a nonspatial causal factor that acts into space. Not a form of energy (so does not violate second law of thermodynamics or law of energy conservation) - instead acted by affecting the detailed timing of microphysical processes.
Organicists: morphogenetic fields, analogous to magnetic fields. Cut a magnet, get 2 magnets. Bring 2 magnets together, make a single one. Waddington’s ‘chreode’ or epigenetic landscape, a field that is topology canalizing the path down the valleys to its final state.
Rene Thom’s catastrophe-theory, all physical forms represented by an attractor
From Newtonian energy as basis for motion to post-newtonian fields: gravitational, e.m, and quantum-field (particles as quanta of excitation of matter-fields - proton is excitation of the proton - antiproton field). Energy is still cause of change, but ordering of the change depends on spatial structure of fields.
For a chain of 150 aminos, there are 10^45 conformations. Clearly not all are traversed, because that would take 10^26 years, whereas the protein achieves the folding in 2 minutes, ‘directed’ along certain pathways. Morphogenetic Field as the architectural blueprint - formative causation (as opposed to energetic causation).
Morphic resonance as form’s equivalent of energetic resonance (sympathetic vibration of stretched strings, tuning of radio sets, absorption of light-waves in spectra etc) - between vibrating systems.
Turanose, a sugar, was considered liquid for decades, then after it was first crystallized in 1920s, it formed crystals all over the world. Xylitol, a sugar alcohol was liquid until 1942, when a crystal form emerged, then another, after which the first form could not be made again. (on the other hand, some polymorph crystals coexist, like diamond and graphite). Replacement of one polymorph by another is a recurrent problem in pharma - Abbott had to pull Aids drug Ritonavir, could not find a way to revert to first polymorph after new one emerged.
Spread of new crystallization processes depends on transfer of seeds from lab to lab, like an infection.
Taboo on Lamarckianism begins to lift at turn of millennium, with rise of epigenetics - improve lives of fat, disease-prone Agouti mice through diet, which passes on to descendents despite no change in DNA sequence, only expression of agouti gene.
A social field is the field of a social group. It organizes the form of the society and the interrelations between the individual animals within it. For the bees cycling through different roles in the hive as they age, each role is covered by a social field - changes in the bee’s nervous system brings it into morphic resonance with previous workers who filled the new role, causing it to change roles.
The hungry animal is the germ structure that enters morphic resonance with previous fields of feeding. The field of capture projects into space around the predator, and includes the virtual form of the prey. When this virtual form is actualized with prey corresponding to the form, it is recognized, and the capture chreode is initiated.
Stereotyped patterns of movement brought about by such chreodes at lower levels appear as reflexes, and at higher levels as instincts. from the point of view of the hypothesis of formative causation, there is a difference only of degree between instincts and habits: both depend on morphic resonance, the former from countless previous individuals of the same species and the latter mainly from past states of the same individual.
Karl Pribram has suggested that memory “traces” are somehow distributed within the brain in a manner analogous to the storage of information in the form of interference patterns in a hologram.
Instincts are organized in a hierarchy of “systems” or “centers” superimposed upon one another. Each level is activated primarily by a system at the level above it. The behavior that occurs under the influence of the major instincts often consists of chains of stereotyped patterns of behavior called fixed action patterns. If early in the chain, they are appetitive behavior, if the last part of the chain they are consummatory acts. Each system requires a stimulus to be activated or released. The sign stimulus acts on a specific neurosensory mechanism called the innate releasing mechanism.
Shapes often ineffective as sign stimuli, because of variability and dependence on angle at which seen. On the other hand, colors are less dependent, and odors/sounds not at all. Where shapes are effective, there is a constancy of viewpoint, eg: young birds on the ground see predators flying above them in silhouette.
Four general categories of learning; habituation (waning of response to repeated stimulation without reinforcement); 2. Improvement of innate patterns (learning to fly); 3. New stimulus-reaction pair (Pavlov); 4. Operant conditioning - learn to reach a goal as a result of actions - rats in skinner boxes.
In both trial-and-error, and insight-learning, existing chreodes are integrated with new higher-level motor fields - syntheses that come as sudden-jumps and repeated if successful.
Richard Dawkins coined the word meme to refer to “a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation”. He deliberately chose a word that sounded rather like gene to stress the analogy between genes and memes as replicators. But one of the problems with this term is that it is atomistic: it implies that memes are independent units, at the same level as each other. By contrast, thinking of cultural inheritance in terms of morphic fields has no such implication: morphic fields are organized in nested hierarchies
All the patterns of activity characteristic of a given culture can be regarded as morphic fields. The more often they are repeated, the more strongly stabilized they will be. But because of the bewildering variety of culture-specific morphic fields, each of which could potentially canalize the movements of any human being, morphic resonance cannot by itself lead an individual into one set of chreodes rather than another. So none of these patterns of behavior expresses itself spontaneously: all have to be learned. An individual is initiated into particular patterns of behavior by other members of the society. Then as the process of learning begins, usually by imitation, the performance of a characteristic pattern of behavior brings the individual into morphic resonance with all those who have carried out this pattern in the past.