Young believes that the biggest moment in Western history is the "death of God" or the end of "true world philosophies." These are philosophies that give meaning to life by presenting it as a journey that culminates in redemption or justice for all people. According to Young, continental philosophy has responded to the "death of God" in one of two ways. First, some philosophers have attempted to keep the "true world" alive by naturalizing the redemption story (like Hegel or Marx, who portray history as a long process that ends in justice), trying to reconcile belief in God with Enlightenment principles (Kant), or adopting a form of European Buddhism that seeks salvation in nothingness (Schopenhauer and early Nietzsche).
These philosophers make up the first half of the book. Young believes they all fail, and that starting with Nietzsche's mature thought, continental philosophy has struggled to find a way to create meaning in life. He examines a range of philosophers and thinkers, analyzing their beliefs and normally pointing out a problem or flaw in their philosophy. Then he moves on to the next thinker, who builds on the last thinker but again, Young identifies a flaw and moves on. He does this with middle Nietzsche, posthumous Nietzsche, early Heidegger, Sartre, an alternative interpretation of Sartre, Camus, Foucault, Derrida, and finally later Heidegger, whom Young thinks gets it right.
This book was an amazing insight into all of these philosophers, but also on the meaning of life and philosophy/religion more broadly. Lots of semi-existential crises and just of ton of stuff to dwell on as I grow older; I think I will def be coming back to this book.
Quotes
An illusion that enables us to escape the three, as Heidegger calls them, ‘ontological’ (defining) features of death: death is mine – it happens not just to other people but also to me; death is inevitable – it must happen; and, most importantly, it may happen at any moment. This last feature is of crucial significance because it is only its evasion which enables one to pass the buck of death from one’s present self to a remote self of the future.
For, according to that analysis, while on the one hand I have an absolute need for other people to provide me with the identity that I seek, I also have an absolute need to be without them, since their existence takes away the self-determination, the autonomy which I also seek.
Inauthentic life has a certain downside to it. There is, Heidegger suggests, a certain sense of something being amiss, a dim sense of self-betrayal. One senses that one has given over the running of one’s life to someone else whereas, in fact, the only proper person to run it is oneself. One is troubled by the ‘voice of conscience’
But Sartre, like Socrates (though profoundly unlike Camus), hated nature. The edges of his world were the edges of Paris. Heidegger, on the other hand, lived his entire life in and around the Black Forest, and wrote much of his philosophy in a simple ski-hut in a clearing in its midst. This, I think, explains a lot. Philosophy, as someone wisely remarked, is usually autobiography.