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The Napoleon of Crime
The rumbustious true story of the Victorian master thief who was the model for Conan Doyle’s Moriarty, Sherlock Holmes’ arch-rival. From the bestselling author of ‘Operation Mincemeat’ and ‘Agent Zigzag’.
Adam Worth was the greatest master criminal of Victorian times. Abjuring violence, setting himself up as a perfectly respectable gentleman, he became the ringleader for the largest criminal network in the world and the model for Conan Doyle’s evil genius, Moriarty.
At the height of his powers, he stole Gainsborough’s famous portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, then the world’s most valuable painting, from its London showroom. The duchess became his constant companion, the symbol and substance of his achievements. At the end of his career, he returned the painting, having gained nothing material from its theft.
Worth’s Sherlock Holmes was William Pinkerton, founder of America’s first and greatest detective agency. Their parallel lives form the basis for this extraordinary book, which opens a window on the seedy Victorian underworld, wittily exposing society’s hypocrisy and double standards in a storytelling tour de force.
Note that it has not been possible to include the same picture content that appeared in the original print version.
441 pages, Kindle Edition
First published January 1, 1997
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About the author
Ben Macintyre
38 books4,233 followersBen Macintyre is a writer-at-large for The Times (U.K.) and the bestselling author of The Spy and the Traitor, A Spy Among Friends, Double Cross, Operation Mincemeat, Agent Zigzag, and Rogue Heroes, among other books. Macintyre has also written and presented BBC documentaries of his work.
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May 13, 2022Very interesting bio of a career criminal in the Victorian era, working across the US, Europe, and England. Worth didn't do violent crime, and was deeply loyal to his partners (sadly unreciprocated). The unlikely friendship he formed with the chief of the Pinkertons is actually very moving, and his menage a trois with another thief and their mutual girlfriend who went on to marry one of the richest men in the world is just chef kiss.
I would have liked more specifics on how they did the burglaries and thefts, but then I would. A nice sideways look at the era and a reminder of how extremely global the Victorian era was.
I would have liked more specifics on how they did the burglaries and thefts, but then I would. A nice sideways look at the era and a reminder of how extremely global the Victorian era was.
October 8, 2025
As always Ben Macintyre has written a well researched book, a bit different than many of his more recent works. Here he delves into the life and times of Adam Worth. Worth was a gentleman thief living in the late 1800's who never used violence or weapons as part of his plots. His biggest coup was stealing the famous/infamouse Gainsborough painting of the Duchess of Devonshire on a whim. He kept it hidden for over 20 years before finally returning it a few years prior to his death. He planned and carried our many bank heists, and some amazing diamond thefts. He was so good that he became the model for Professor Moriarty in the Sherlock Holmes novels. A wonderful look at life of both the criminal and those trying to catch him. A worthwhile read!
September 10, 2024
There is a character known in British literature known as the gentleman thief and Adam Worth is clearly the inspiration for this trope as he was the inspiration for Professor Moriarty of the Sherlock Holmes stories. The infamous Adam Worth aka Henry Raymond operated a criminal network that made millions that he squandered on a lavish lifestyle of a British gentleman with a yacht and a mansion. The man was originally a German Jew immigrant to America who used all kinds of criminal enterprises including bank robbery to remake himself into a British gentleman no one would have suspected to be a criminal mastermind. Victorian society was as hypocritical as he was as the author describes how many put on the appearance of being of high moral values while also having double lives. Living a life of being a criminal eventually leads to a downfall involving getting caught and betrayed by associates since there is no honor among thieves. When I think about it he would have had better luck as a legitimate businessman because they could rob people under the protection of the law.
January 16, 2013
When I read a review of this in 1998 I immediately put it on my wish list. As a Sherlock Holmes fan how could I not want to read about the man that was possibly the model for Morriarty? (Quick wikipedia link for Worth for those who are impatient.) And so the book sat in my wish list, but didn't get purchased, because I was forever thinking it'd pop up in ebook form. Finally I gave up and just bought a paper copy, because sometimes you just have to hunt down books that have been on your list too long.
(Aside: I'll also blame the airlines for reading this in "fits and starts," because they always force me to take a paper book for those times where you have to put your ereader away. Grumble grumble, etc. etc.)
The book covers Worth's life of crime, the stories of his many associates and capers, and the theft of Thomas Gainsborough painting (this one) of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. That painting allows us to hear the history of Georgiana, which is still interesting, and continues to play a part in the Worth story as he developed strong feelings for it. And it's also the story of the continuing hunt by the Pinkerton detectives - not for where Worth was located (they always managed to track him down), but for a cause to arrest and charge him.
Short version (of what's to follow): the book could have used an editor for polish and tightening/removing a lot of redundant sentences. Thus the writing may make some readers frustrate/bored and skip over content to get to more interesting narrative. It is however a wonderful story and one that's not to be found elsewhere, only in small references in other books. This is really the only book that currently tells this story, and the personalities involved are fascinating.
My main critique is simply that here and there, the way the author's chosen to tell the story is a bit hard on the reader. For instance he often packs into the story quotes by contemporary authors. This in itself is not the problem (in fact I love period literature and journalism). The problem is how they're worked into the text.
For example, p 57:
My other critique is that the author often repeats the same point in multiple sentences that don't necessary enlighten the point. For example, p. 92:
This really makes me wonder if Macintyre (the author) had an editor to help him (who might realize the repetition) or whether he felt that the story just needed more length (padding) and that this was the way to do it. Because restating something previously stated continues to occur. (Meanwhile I keep thinking that the phrase "sex goddess" should have been used at the beginning of the paragraph to give it more punch, otherwise it gets a bit lost. Because it's the takeaway thought.)
While these issues were something I noted, it didn't make me stop reading.
Random quotes, etc., that interested me (adding while reading, so in order, as usual):
...All this within the same paragraph, p. 74:
...I loved that a lady long dead could have such an effect on popular culture, p. 115:
...Thanks to the photos provided I really disagree about this, p.126:
...An example of the author bringing in contemporary literature, p. 147-148:
Again, this is not the first time the author pulls a literary quote in a way that has very little/nothing to do with the history, isn't useful as background, and isn't useful to set the scene. Not a good way to use a literary quote.
...I feel like I'm being too critical - here's the type of info that makes me keep reading, p. 159:
...On page 212 the author mentions a 1945 book called Kitty, by Rosamond Marshall which makes a hash of Kitty Flynn's [Worth's one time girlfriend whom he fathered two children with and supposedly always loved] actual history but is apparently a bodice-ripper romance (and also a film). I stumbled into finding an copy you can read online via Open Library (here) and have now wandered too to read it (reviewing it here, spoiler, it is indeed very bad). (This is how I end up reading multiple books at once. I often just sort of wander into it.)
...Oddly my copy of the book doesn't have a table of contents. (Or does the book not have one? That makes no sense.) The important point here for Sherlock Holmes fans is that Chapter 23: Alias Moriarty is where you'll find that bit of pop culture history. This is actually the chapter I've really been waiting for. It refers to the many aspects of Moriarty inspired by Worth, and makes specific references to historic and academic figures who link the two. Also specific story references, such as, in The Valley of Fear, Moriarty has a picture hanging on his wall that Holmes notes is "a picture by Greuze entitled 'La Jeaune Fille a l'agneau,' fetched not less than four thousand pounds." While "a 'agneau" is French meaning either from Agneau or perhaps something about a lamb - there's also the pun of l'agneau/Agnew - the later name is the art dealer who owned the Duchess painting. And it was a pun popular elsewhere at the time. That and other hints in the story (as well as other stories) point to Moriarty as Worth. That's one example - the chapter is short but for Holmes fans is definitely of interest. Sadly it's too short. For all the literary quotes elsewhere I'd have thought this chapter might be a tad longer.
And still unsure about the reference(p. 229) to Worth as T.S. Eliot's cat Macavity - but I guess everything with a "Napoleon of Crime" tag could lead back to Worth. Maybe.
...Boy do I dislike some of Worth's family members (brother and sister-in-law). You can't be religious and deride the man on one hand for being a crook and then at the same time tell him he has to give you money or you'll abandon his kids that you're taking care of for him.
...In the William Pinkerton-Adam Worth relationship, which should be adversarial, there's a continuing theme of respect between the two men. One of the best parts of this story - especially since it happens to be true.
...Worth and J. Pierpont Morgan, p. 263: "They never met but their lives were eerie echos of each other..." - Like some of the other comparisons, this only seems true for some of the points made in this chapter.
...p. 275 - Apparently Henry James' final novel, The Outcry , has a wealthy American, Breckenridge Bender, buying a family portrait called the Duchess of Waterbridge by Sir Joshua Reynolds, which doesn't exist in reality and is supposed to be a reference to the Duchess of Devonshire (Georgina) painting bought by Morgan. James was upset with Morgan and other Americans carrying off famous British artwork that he felt should remain within the country, and the book was his protest. (Another book for the To Read list.)
(Aside: I'll also blame the airlines for reading this in "fits and starts," because they always force me to take a paper book for those times where you have to put your ereader away. Grumble grumble, etc. etc.)
The book covers Worth's life of crime, the stories of his many associates and capers, and the theft of Thomas Gainsborough painting (this one) of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire. That painting allows us to hear the history of Georgiana, which is still interesting, and continues to play a part in the Worth story as he developed strong feelings for it. And it's also the story of the continuing hunt by the Pinkerton detectives - not for where Worth was located (they always managed to track him down), but for a cause to arrest and charge him.
Short version (of what's to follow): the book could have used an editor for polish and tightening/removing a lot of redundant sentences. Thus the writing may make some readers frustrate/bored and skip over content to get to more interesting narrative. It is however a wonderful story and one that's not to be found elsewhere, only in small references in other books. This is really the only book that currently tells this story, and the personalities involved are fascinating.
My main critique is simply that here and there, the way the author's chosen to tell the story is a bit hard on the reader. For instance he often packs into the story quotes by contemporary authors. This in itself is not the problem (in fact I love period literature and journalism). The problem is how they're worked into the text.
For example, p 57:
Doesn't really flow well, does it? And of course we have no indication that Worth read/knew of either of those quoted authors, but that's a separate problem.
"Victorian Britain was reaching the pinnacle of its greatness, and smugness. "The history of Britain is emphatically the history of progress," declared the intensely popular writer T.B. Macaulay at the dawn of the Victorian era. "The greatest and most highly civilized people that ever the world saw, have spread their domain over every quarter of the globe." A similar note of patriotic omnipotence was struck earlier in the century in an essay by the historian Thomas Carlyle: "We remove mountains and make seas our smooth highway, nothing can resist us. [I skip a sentence here, sorry Carlyle]"
...For a crook at war with the natural order, such heady recommendations were irresistible. Huge spoils, and the social elevation they brought with them, were precisely what Worth had in mind."
My other critique is that the author often repeats the same point in multiple sentences that don't necessary enlighten the point. For example, p. 92:
"The Victorians' rediscovered enthusiasm for Georgiana was principally, if covertly, sexual: the chocolate-box coquetry of Gainsborough's portrait, when considered in conjunction with her racy reputation, was just the thing to send a delicious testosterone jolt through the average buttoned-down Victorian male. While they might appear repressed in sexual matters, a function of the fashion for strict outward probity, the Victorians were anything but frigid and knew a sex goddess when they saw one."This paragraph continues for several more sentences, with some newspaper quotes, all with the same information. If this were an isolated problem I'd not notice it, but the concept of Georgiana as a sex symbol was already emphasized paragraphs before this one, and mentioned again in paragraphs later. (And in other chapters as well.)
This really makes me wonder if Macintyre (the author) had an editor to help him (who might realize the repetition) or whether he felt that the story just needed more length (padding) and that this was the way to do it. Because restating something previously stated continues to occur. (Meanwhile I keep thinking that the phrase "sex goddess" should have been used at the beginning of the paragraph to give it more punch, otherwise it gets a bit lost. Because it's the takeaway thought.)
While these issues were something I noted, it didn't make me stop reading.
Random quotes, etc., that interested me (adding while reading, so in order, as usual):
...All this within the same paragraph, p. 74:
"The contrast between outward protestations and actual behavior was particularly acute in the area of sexual morality, for while the prudish "official" line taken by most ethical commentators stressed home, hearth, and sex within marriage, or preferably not at all... The Victorians, it should be remembered, were the first to publish pornography on an industrial scale. ...If Worth held to a set of high-minded convictions that were utterly at variance with his actions, he was by no means alone. He would have enjoyed Wilde's ironic quip in The Importance of Being Earnest: "I hope you have not been leading a double life, pretending to be wicked and being really good all the time. That would be hypocrisy." "Like 'Georgiana, sex goddess,' the phrase 'Victorians: industrial scale porn producers' is going to stick in my brain.
...I loved that a lady long dead could have such an effect on popular culture, p. 115:
"If, before the theft, the Duchess [the painting] had achieved iconic status, now women positively wanted to be her. She became the haute-couture statement of the hour. The theft proved a blessing to London's hatmakers, since "at most of the public ceremonials a large proportion of the ladies dressed upon the model which the painting provided." Vast ostrich-feather hats became the rate on both sides of the Atlantic, and in New York "the Gainsborough hat...was so fashionable among women (that) one fashionable modiste went so far as to call it the 'Lady Devonshire style.'" "First quote in that paragraph was from the New York Herald of 1897, the second from the New York Sun of 1894. The history buff in me would have felt those quotes would have benefited more from acknowledging the source (not just in endnotes), since the author constantly quotes both period literature, news papers, and current histories throughout the book, and the reader isn't always made aware of the source of info. Which does tend to allow you to weigh what information is more valid. But then, the author does directly cite sources sometimes and I'm sure that doing so too often would break up the flow of the story.
...Thanks to the photos provided I really disagree about this, p.126:
"Kitty Flynn was undoubted part of the key to Worth's change of heart... The former Irish barmaid and the late Duchess of Devonshire, whose piquant history was now enjoying a second lease on life after the theft, had many of the same character traits... The physical resemblance of the two woman was equally striking. The best portrait of Kitty shows her with a teasing, pouting expression which might have been borrowed directly from Georgiana."Looking at the photo of Kitty the author's referring to (this one, on this page) and the painting (this one) I can see no real resemblance. I can see a parallel in Kitty's duchess-like attitude, as the author portrays her, but I think any physical resemblance is wishful thinking.
...An example of the author bringing in contemporary literature, p. 147-148:
"There is an uncanny resemblance in Worth's behavior, to that of Captain Nemo in Jules Verne's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, but whether the culture-hungry crook read the book, published ten years earlier, will never be known. Captain Nemo is the archetypal criminal aesthete whose gallery contained "thirty or so paintings by famous masters...a vertitable museum..."I really don't think this is a good quote for the situation - I mean, I can certainly see the parallels, but it's something I could see being discussed in a lit class, not relevant in a history text. Especially since there's no indication that Worth even read or knew of Verne, something the author admits in the first sentence.
[Skipping 3 sentences comparing Worth to Nemo]
...Where Verne's villain has his Nautilus and his sumptuous gallery to prove his superiority and rebellion, Worth had his false-bottomed trunk; where Nemo has thirty Old Masters, Worth had one."
Again, this is not the first time the author pulls a literary quote in a way that has very little/nothing to do with the history, isn't useful as background, and isn't useful to set the scene. Not a good way to use a literary quote.
...I feel like I'm being too critical - here's the type of info that makes me keep reading, p. 159:
"The uncut diamonds, quickly divided and mounted to prevent them from being traced, were then sold just a few feet away from the scene of the crime...Security measures changed all over the country due to Worth's methods in robbery, but also forgery and other scams. Definitely a noteworthy figure. Also continually amazing that he doesn't get caught.
...the robbery "had the effect of causing the authorities of the postal department to place in almost every post office the wire-net protection of the counters with which we are all familiar..." "
...On page 212 the author mentions a 1945 book called Kitty, by Rosamond Marshall which makes a hash of Kitty Flynn's [Worth's one time girlfriend whom he fathered two children with and supposedly always loved] actual history but is apparently a bodice-ripper romance (and also a film). I stumbled into finding an copy you can read online via Open Library (here) and have now wandered too to read it (reviewing it here, spoiler, it is indeed very bad). (This is how I end up reading multiple books at once. I often just sort of wander into it.)
...Oddly my copy of the book doesn't have a table of contents. (Or does the book not have one? That makes no sense.) The important point here for Sherlock Holmes fans is that Chapter 23: Alias Moriarty is where you'll find that bit of pop culture history. This is actually the chapter I've really been waiting for. It refers to the many aspects of Moriarty inspired by Worth, and makes specific references to historic and academic figures who link the two. Also specific story references, such as, in The Valley of Fear, Moriarty has a picture hanging on his wall that Holmes notes is "a picture by Greuze entitled 'La Jeaune Fille a l'agneau,' fetched not less than four thousand pounds." While "a 'agneau" is French meaning either from Agneau or perhaps something about a lamb - there's also the pun of l'agneau/Agnew - the later name is the art dealer who owned the Duchess painting. And it was a pun popular elsewhere at the time. That and other hints in the story (as well as other stories) point to Moriarty as Worth. That's one example - the chapter is short but for Holmes fans is definitely of interest. Sadly it's too short. For all the literary quotes elsewhere I'd have thought this chapter might be a tad longer.
And still unsure about the reference(p. 229) to Worth as T.S. Eliot's cat Macavity - but I guess everything with a "Napoleon of Crime" tag could lead back to Worth. Maybe.
...Boy do I dislike some of Worth's family members (brother and sister-in-law). You can't be religious and deride the man on one hand for being a crook and then at the same time tell him he has to give you money or you'll abandon his kids that you're taking care of for him.
...In the William Pinkerton-Adam Worth relationship, which should be adversarial, there's a continuing theme of respect between the two men. One of the best parts of this story - especially since it happens to be true.
...Worth and J. Pierpont Morgan, p. 263: "They never met but their lives were eerie echos of each other..." - Like some of the other comparisons, this only seems true for some of the points made in this chapter.
...p. 275 - Apparently Henry James' final novel, The Outcry , has a wealthy American, Breckenridge Bender, buying a family portrait called the Duchess of Waterbridge by Sir Joshua Reynolds, which doesn't exist in reality and is supposed to be a reference to the Duchess of Devonshire (Georgina) painting bought by Morgan. James was upset with Morgan and other Americans carrying off famous British artwork that he felt should remain within the country, and the book was his protest. (Another book for the To Read list.)
October 15, 2022
Having been killed in at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the American Civil War, one would have thought that Adam Worth's life was over. But, no it was not for he faked his death and then became a professional 'bounty jumper', earning himself plenty of money into the bargain.
Thus began his life of crime and another soldier in the Union Army was later to comment on this part of Worth's career. He was none other than William Pinkerton, later of the famous detective agency and someone who not only kept a keen eye on Worth, or Henry Judson Raymond as he became known, but who, despite the pair being on the opposite sides of the law, befriended and even helped him.
Worth's serious life of crime began in a relatively small way but he quickly built up his coterie of associates and was then able to mastermind many robberies without even taking part himself. But he wasn't averse to playing a leading role when the occasion demanded.
He had plenty of lady friends and was in a three-way relationship with one of his associates and that gentleman's wife, a liaison that produced two children, of which he was said to be the father. He then set up an American Bar in Paris and although the authorities kept watch on it, for it was not only the rendezvous for many a criminal, there was illegal gambling upstairs, the operation thrived for quite some time. One reason for the continued success was that Worth was well in with the Parisian authorities, one of whom would tip him off prior to any raid.
He continued his various affairs, both criminal and romantic, in the latter category with such as Kitty Flynn, before relocating to London where he became, at least ostensibly, the perfect English gentleman. And it was in London that he performed his most notorious feat when he robbed Agnew's Gallery of its prized possession, a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of the Duchess of Devonshire. It was with Georgiana, the Duchess, who he was to have his longest love affair for she remained with him for over 20 years.
He carried her with him wherever he went and although he was suspected of the crime nobody, not even William or Robert Pinkerton, could pin the crime on him. But when committing a robbery in Belgium he was pinned down, captured, tried and imprisoned.
Despite his influence and influential friends he remained in prison for some time but when he was released he returned to London, with the Pinkertons passing on this information to their Scotland Yard counterparts.
His doings had been widely reported in the press and it was from these reports that the author suggests that Arthur Conan Doyle formed his idea for Sherlock Holmes' arch-enemy Moriarty. The author points out similarities between the pair and there is no doubt that Conan Doyle perhaps did use some of Worth's characteristics to create Moriarty. But I must confess, I am not totally convinced by the totality of the tale and when it is suggested that McAvity, T S Eliot's deceitful and suave cat, may also be based on Worth, my credibility is stretched to its limit.
However, Worth, who continued his criminal activities to earn money on which to live, eventually wanted to return the Duchess to its rightful owners so he set up a deal, with the help of William Pinkerton and with a sum of money as reward to be passed on to him, to return it to its rightful owner.
This deal was eventually completed and with Agnews in possession once more of the Gainsborough, Pierpoint Morgan, whose family was about to purchase the painting when it first went missing, stepped in and became the new owner. It passed out of their family much later and was sold, back to the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, for the princely sum of £265,500.
On 8 January 1902, just four days after Morgan had taken possession of the Duchess, Worth died of heart failure at the age of 56 and he was buried in an unmarked grave at Highgate Cemetery. The 'New York Journal' proclaimed, 'Adam Worth is dead. His demise marks the closing of a singular modern romance.' And there is no doubt that is a true statement for he was a cool, charismatic character who played a leading part in the Victorian underworld and Ben Macintyre's biography certainly does him full justice.
Thus began his life of crime and another soldier in the Union Army was later to comment on this part of Worth's career. He was none other than William Pinkerton, later of the famous detective agency and someone who not only kept a keen eye on Worth, or Henry Judson Raymond as he became known, but who, despite the pair being on the opposite sides of the law, befriended and even helped him.
Worth's serious life of crime began in a relatively small way but he quickly built up his coterie of associates and was then able to mastermind many robberies without even taking part himself. But he wasn't averse to playing a leading role when the occasion demanded.
He had plenty of lady friends and was in a three-way relationship with one of his associates and that gentleman's wife, a liaison that produced two children, of which he was said to be the father. He then set up an American Bar in Paris and although the authorities kept watch on it, for it was not only the rendezvous for many a criminal, there was illegal gambling upstairs, the operation thrived for quite some time. One reason for the continued success was that Worth was well in with the Parisian authorities, one of whom would tip him off prior to any raid.
He continued his various affairs, both criminal and romantic, in the latter category with such as Kitty Flynn, before relocating to London where he became, at least ostensibly, the perfect English gentleman. And it was in London that he performed his most notorious feat when he robbed Agnew's Gallery of its prized possession, a Thomas Gainsborough portrait of the Duchess of Devonshire. It was with Georgiana, the Duchess, who he was to have his longest love affair for she remained with him for over 20 years.
He carried her with him wherever he went and although he was suspected of the crime nobody, not even William or Robert Pinkerton, could pin the crime on him. But when committing a robbery in Belgium he was pinned down, captured, tried and imprisoned.
Despite his influence and influential friends he remained in prison for some time but when he was released he returned to London, with the Pinkertons passing on this information to their Scotland Yard counterparts.
His doings had been widely reported in the press and it was from these reports that the author suggests that Arthur Conan Doyle formed his idea for Sherlock Holmes' arch-enemy Moriarty. The author points out similarities between the pair and there is no doubt that Conan Doyle perhaps did use some of Worth's characteristics to create Moriarty. But I must confess, I am not totally convinced by the totality of the tale and when it is suggested that McAvity, T S Eliot's deceitful and suave cat, may also be based on Worth, my credibility is stretched to its limit.
However, Worth, who continued his criminal activities to earn money on which to live, eventually wanted to return the Duchess to its rightful owners so he set up a deal, with the help of William Pinkerton and with a sum of money as reward to be passed on to him, to return it to its rightful owner.
This deal was eventually completed and with Agnews in possession once more of the Gainsborough, Pierpoint Morgan, whose family was about to purchase the painting when it first went missing, stepped in and became the new owner. It passed out of their family much later and was sold, back to the Duke of Devonshire at Chatsworth, for the princely sum of £265,500.
On 8 January 1902, just four days after Morgan had taken possession of the Duchess, Worth died of heart failure at the age of 56 and he was buried in an unmarked grave at Highgate Cemetery. The 'New York Journal' proclaimed, 'Adam Worth is dead. His demise marks the closing of a singular modern romance.' And there is no doubt that is a true statement for he was a cool, charismatic character who played a leading part in the Victorian underworld and Ben Macintyre's biography certainly does him full justice.
January 20, 2016
“[He had] plenty of time for morals; it was laws he disdained.”
Award-winning well-researched and written biography of a criminal no one heard of … even in his own day. His most infamous crime was the theft of a Gainsborough portrait, then the highest priced art in the world. Along the way, he burglarized, robbed, or forged on five continents and became the model for one of literature’s most famous criminal: Arthur Conan Doyle’s Professor Moriarty.
“Crime need not involve thuggery.”
A notable difference between Adam Worth and the fictional crime lord is that Worth avoided violence. He regarded carrying, much less using, fire arms a sign of incompetence. But he did not hesitate to lie, cheat and steal his way to the heights of society, starting with faking his own death during the American Civil war.
“The Darwinian struggle for survival, which is after all a struggle without morals.”
Macintyre is exhaustive in his documentation despite having few sources. Worth was uncooperative that way. Repetitive at time, Macintyre propels the reader through Worth’s amazing life and times. Late Victorian England anticipated current America.
“You cannot get a thing right for a newspaperman … if you write the facts down to him he will change them about to suit himself.” William Pinkerton
Perhaps the most startling thread is the master criminal’s relationship with William Pinkerton, the world famous detective. The latter chased the former across several continents and ended by performing an extraordinary service for the then old, dying reprobate.
“Glorying equally in his real wickedness and his apparent probity.”
In the late nineteenth century international justice cooperation was just beginning. (Odd that not extradition existed between the US and UK.) A nimble crook could stay one step ahead of the law. Worth literally cruised the world looking for opportunities to separate the rich from the burden of their wealth. No Robin Hood, Worth did take care of his own people (even when they didn’t take care of him) and his friends and family.
“Empowerment by fraud struck a chord with thousands outside the genteel upper stratum.”
Macintyre follows Worth through the stealing and wasting of several fortunes, detailing his relationship with both real and bogus upper crust, not to mention some of the most daring crimes of the century.
“… about as correct as a newspaper ever gets anything.” William Pinkerton
A good read.
“There’s money in it.”
Award-winning well-researched and written biography of a criminal no one heard of … even in his own day. His most infamous crime was the theft of a Gainsborough portrait, then the highest priced art in the world. Along the way, he burglarized, robbed, or forged on five continents and became the model for one of literature’s most famous criminal: Arthur Conan Doyle’s Professor Moriarty.
“Crime need not involve thuggery.”
A notable difference between Adam Worth and the fictional crime lord is that Worth avoided violence. He regarded carrying, much less using, fire arms a sign of incompetence. But he did not hesitate to lie, cheat and steal his way to the heights of society, starting with faking his own death during the American Civil war.
“The Darwinian struggle for survival, which is after all a struggle without morals.”
Macintyre is exhaustive in his documentation despite having few sources. Worth was uncooperative that way. Repetitive at time, Macintyre propels the reader through Worth’s amazing life and times. Late Victorian England anticipated current America.
“You cannot get a thing right for a newspaperman … if you write the facts down to him he will change them about to suit himself.” William Pinkerton
Perhaps the most startling thread is the master criminal’s relationship with William Pinkerton, the world famous detective. The latter chased the former across several continents and ended by performing an extraordinary service for the then old, dying reprobate.
“Glorying equally in his real wickedness and his apparent probity.”
In the late nineteenth century international justice cooperation was just beginning. (Odd that not extradition existed between the US and UK.) A nimble crook could stay one step ahead of the law. Worth literally cruised the world looking for opportunities to separate the rich from the burden of their wealth. No Robin Hood, Worth did take care of his own people (even when they didn’t take care of him) and his friends and family.
“Empowerment by fraud struck a chord with thousands outside the genteel upper stratum.”
Macintyre follows Worth through the stealing and wasting of several fortunes, detailing his relationship with both real and bogus upper crust, not to mention some of the most daring crimes of the century.
“… about as correct as a newspaper ever gets anything.” William Pinkerton
A good read.
“There’s money in it.”
June 22, 2018
This is better than mediocre, and the underlying story is definitely a good one. Unfortunately, the best parts are rather thin, as most of Worth's career was not documented, understandably so as successful crooks are not the ones who brag. The author padded the book by going on and on about the few parts he found documentation for, and the results is unbalanced.
September 7, 2020
I found the book a little gem.
Full of history that I knew little of.
Makes some of our modern day crooks pale into insignificance.
Would recommend to anyone who is interested in history and crime.
Full of history that I knew little of.
Makes some of our modern day crooks pale into insignificance.
Would recommend to anyone who is interested in history and crime.
April 9, 2009
What a disappointment! It sounded like a terrific book, and I'd recently read another book by McIntyre that was quite engaging. Briefly, Adam Worth was the man whom Arthur Conan Doyle modeled his fictional Professor Moriarty on. Unfortunately, this book takes an extremely plodding approach to the subject -- it's a bit of a dull-witted bobby, if you will. There's lots of material here on the Pinkertons, a famous stolen painting, lots of double dealing, and a roller-coaster of a life, but it's just not told here with any verve or dash. It sounds like the author did a lot of digging... and then dutifully wrote everything.
I wanted to like this one, really I did. I kept hoping it would get better, but it didn't. I barely managed to finish it, and I pretty much skimmed the last portion. It was that dull.
I wanted to like this one, really I did. I kept hoping it would get better, but it didn't. I barely managed to finish it, and I pretty much skimmed the last portion. It was that dull.
June 27, 2015
Another good one by Macintyre, but for a change, not about spies in WWII, but instead a masterful criminal who led the Scotland Yard, the Pinkerton Agency, the French and Belgian police on a merry chase for most of his life. He died, was resurrected as a Henry Raymond, another famous individual who had died, and remained in this identity for the rest of his life.
He led a sophisticated gang of criminal forgers, bank robbers, thieves and safe crackers. While he built his empire, he rose from his poor American origins to become a wealthy Englishman living among the cream of Victorian society, all of whom were unaware of the criminal mind behind this little dapper gentleman.
His theft of Gainsborough's Duchess of Devonshire was simple and outrageous, and he kept her hidden for a quarter of a century.
The details around his activities make for fascinating reading. He was extremely intelligent, generous and loyal to his friends and family. Until the later part of his life, he didn't drink and he didn't condone violence. He was larger than life and was the inspiration behind Conan Doyle's Professor Moriarty and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Macavity the mystery cat in his musical, CATS.
He led a sophisticated gang of criminal forgers, bank robbers, thieves and safe crackers. While he built his empire, he rose from his poor American origins to become a wealthy Englishman living among the cream of Victorian society, all of whom were unaware of the criminal mind behind this little dapper gentleman.
His theft of Gainsborough's Duchess of Devonshire was simple and outrageous, and he kept her hidden for a quarter of a century.
The details around his activities make for fascinating reading. He was extremely intelligent, generous and loyal to his friends and family. Until the later part of his life, he didn't drink and he didn't condone violence. He was larger than life and was the inspiration behind Conan Doyle's Professor Moriarty and Andrew Lloyd Webber's Macavity the mystery cat in his musical, CATS.
October 16, 2012
Very good at times, The Napoleon of Crime is an appreciable attempt at the biography of Adam Worth, the man who served as the true-life base for Conan Doyle's Moriarty. The problems with this book are its slow pacing and its constant tangents into the lives of various other criminals, the Pinkertons, aristocrats, and so on. Many times it feels as though the book is a term paper and the author is trying to stretch it to meet a length requirement (which is almost laughable as each page is packed with words, making this 300-page book feel like a 600-page tome). The parts about Adam Worth and his crimes are quite exciting, interesting, and well-written, but the rest is lackluster and plodding at best. I really wanted to enjoy this book more, and I think that there is a great (much smaller) book trapped inside it, which is really a shame.
July 25, 2015
Though a bit meandering at times, I thoroughly enjoyed this book. Although it is a true story, it took on elements and twists and turns like A work of fiction. It seemed to me that many of the elements of this book - including interpersonal relations and motivations - served as archetypes in many film and books over the years. Most intriguing were Adam Worth's relationships with his henchmen, the many loves of his lives, and even the Pinkerton police. As a master criminal, worth was involved in many activities that relied on his brilliance and his ability to avoid detection, even while working with men less honorable than himself.
September 2, 2018
In-depth study of the life and psychology of a master-thief and the supposed inspiration of Arthur Conan Doyle’s Professor Moriarty (though the inspiration would not approve of the Professor’s violence). While some of the psychological observations seemed a far-reach, the overall study was fascinating. I found the details of the life of famous detective, William Pinkerton, as compelling as the analysis of Adam Worth. A simple summary of this biography would be “crime never pays,” but Macintyre forces a more complex response - one that hopefully finds as Pinkerton did - that there is a fellow human behind the criminal who needs mercy and dignity.
September 28, 2018
Fascinating history that ties together a number of disparate personalities from the Victorian Era. Not as good as Macintyre's later works, but head and shoulders above most books.
March 13, 2022
Unlike the books by Ben Macintyre which I previously enjoyed, this one was plodding and dull with a text that was often strung together with quotes from other sources. I got half-way through before giving up.
July 30, 2013
Since I'm not a Sherlock Holmes aficionado, I didn't realize that Adam Worth was the inspiration for the famous Moriarty until I picked up this book. Worth was the most brazen thief of the Victorian Age, sort of like a Hitchcockian cat burglar of the 19th century. In this bio, we get to learn about the thief and his gang, plus the famous heists. I enjoyed the actual character of Adam Worth, as he kept to a stringent set of values that his enemies lacked.
This is a decent good read, perfect for a fire and a cuppa.
Book Season = Winter (London fog)
This is a decent good read, perfect for a fire and a cuppa.
Book Season = Winter (London fog)
April 22, 2010
One of the most engaging pieces of non-fiction I've read. I blew through this one in a night and have shared it with many people, none of whom, to this date, have been disappointed. Riveting stuff for fans of Conan Doyle, Pinkerton detectives, fingerprints and thievery.
August 5, 2013
Usually I get bored with biographies but this book is quite entertaining and contains facts about the life of Adam Worth who were not known. Also, the story is very good and always leaves you in suspense.
October 9, 2016
Excellent true tale of a criminal genius, a model for Arthur Conan Doyle's Professor Moriarty (as well as T.S. Eliot's Macavity), his network of accomplices, his nefarious rivals, and the Pinkerton brothers who eventually exposed him.
April 16, 2018
Super entertaining and had me rooting for Worth the entire time. A fantastic weekend read.
October 23, 2018
What a fun read! And it’s all true. Highly recommended.
November 1, 2018
An excellent book on his crimes and friends. With a hat tip to the Pinkertons on who he had respect for and eventual friendship of all things.
September 1, 2020
I love everything that Ben McIntyre has ever written including this book, about the famous criminal who inspired Prof. Moriarty and Macavity the Mystery Cat.
November 15, 2024
The 1800s is kinda an interesting time period in the sense that it is recent enough history that we have pretty good documentation of the major events and goings-on of the period, but it’s also recent enough that a lot of this history hasn’t really translated into timeless legends or myths in the same way that earlier time periods have. Which brings us to this book, a biography and history of one of the greatest professional thieves ever to live, someone whose name wouldn’t be recognizable to the average Brit or American. A transcontinental criminal who evaded capture for decades, was an archetype for the gentleman thief, someone who climbed their way into the British elite, brazenly stole the most expensive (at the time) painting and kept for himself, and someone who was the primary basis for Sherlock’s famous nemesis Moriarty. You would think the name Adam Worth would be more canonized and carry more recognition. But, that doesn’t seem to be the case, and hopefully this book brings this pretty remarkable true story some more recognition.
In terms of the book itself, I don’t think I liked it quite as much as McIntyre’s cold war spy books (Spy & the Traitor or A Spy Among Friends). I think both those books benefited from McIntyre’s primary research in interviewing the main subjects, which gave the books additional depth and helped create bigger tension. The Napoleon of Crime was well-researched, but because it was older history, it relied on secondary research, which resulted in some parts of the story being left to speculation or just glossed over. The picture of Adam Worth, while significantly more comprehensive than anything else that exists, still feels somewhat incomplete because you only see pieces of what was going on in his mind or what was driving his motives. I thought one of the highlights was the relationship of mutual respect between Worth and lawman Robert Pinkerton, very much felt like a Victorian period Catch Me If You Can. The book also while primarily focusing on Worth and his compatriots, does provide a good backstory into the origins of the Pinkerton agency, a subject that definitely would be worthy of its own non-fiction history. Overall, it covers an interesting time period, a pretty remarkable career and life, and paints a picture of a master criminal who while not someone you would want to emulate, was someone that you could respect. A final note, it’s a shame that the Portrait of the Duchess hasn’t become a permanent part of a major art gallery and gotten its chance to shine in front of a large modern global audience.
In terms of the book itself, I don’t think I liked it quite as much as McIntyre’s cold war spy books (Spy & the Traitor or A Spy Among Friends). I think both those books benefited from McIntyre’s primary research in interviewing the main subjects, which gave the books additional depth and helped create bigger tension. The Napoleon of Crime was well-researched, but because it was older history, it relied on secondary research, which resulted in some parts of the story being left to speculation or just glossed over. The picture of Adam Worth, while significantly more comprehensive than anything else that exists, still feels somewhat incomplete because you only see pieces of what was going on in his mind or what was driving his motives. I thought one of the highlights was the relationship of mutual respect between Worth and lawman Robert Pinkerton, very much felt like a Victorian period Catch Me If You Can. The book also while primarily focusing on Worth and his compatriots, does provide a good backstory into the origins of the Pinkerton agency, a subject that definitely would be worthy of its own non-fiction history. Overall, it covers an interesting time period, a pretty remarkable career and life, and paints a picture of a master criminal who while not someone you would want to emulate, was someone that you could respect. A final note, it’s a shame that the Portrait of the Duchess hasn’t become a permanent part of a major art gallery and gotten its chance to shine in front of a large modern global audience.
June 6, 2024
Adam Worth was the real-life inspiration and model for Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Professor Moriarty. Worth planned amazing heists across many countries, including South Africa, France, England, and the US. He started out dirt poor; made a fortune through crime; repeatedly avoided jail; owned mansions, yacht's, and racehorses; consorted with the highest in society; eventually got caught, and lost it all. He was also befriended and admired by the man who sought after him for nearly 30 years, William Pinkerton. Worth tried to be the gentleman of crime, never carrying a gun or using violence and only stealing from those who he figured could afford it. He was loyal to family and friends and supported many financially. Worth's most notable crime was stealing the famed Gainsborough painting, the "Duchess of Devonshire," and carrying it all over the world with him for decades, even sleeping with it pinned under his bed before he negotiated for its return (It was ultimately purchased by J. Pierpont Morgan, and in the 1990's, finally made it back to its original home at Chatsworth House. Some of the other people in his criminal life would make for good biographies themselves.
September 12, 2025
A biography of a crook so talented that even a few detectives that spent decades chasing him were awed by his abilities. Also a cautionary tale where we can see that crime only pays for a while, and eventually eats you up from the inside. However, while it did pay, and handsomely, this thief was the best, anywhere. His fame was international at the time, yet his reputation faded so completely that I had never heard his name (not that I’m encyclopedic at all) before finding this book. Two names that were familiar to me, however, both of which figured often in this story, are The Pinkerton Agency, and Dr. Moriarty. Pinkertons chased bad guys, our protagonist included, and Moriarty was Sherlock Holmes’ arch villain, modeled closely on, you guessed it, our man.
Add all this up and you get a grand story of thieving, chasing, double-crossing, and even getting convicted. And that’s not even including the amazing part about the painting of Princess Diana’s great, great, great aunt. What a great tale this is!
Add all this up and you get a grand story of thieving, chasing, double-crossing, and even getting convicted. And that’s not even including the amazing part about the painting of Princess Diana’s great, great, great aunt. What a great tale this is!
April 20, 2021
Seemed an interesting premise and the first half was fascinating, particularly with how much events influenced Conan Doyle. The second half, was more diminishing returns, whether due to sparsity of source, the eventual fall, or life and career petering out. Certainly seems a fascinating, gifted and contradictory character, and as elusive as his reputation.
Well worth the read, to discover the man, and the relationship with the Pinkerton’s which was a surprising feature and turnabout. Would have been a star higher if better balanced, with the conclusion being work, more than inspirational, but appropriate to the story.
Well worth the read, to discover the man, and the relationship with the Pinkerton’s which was a surprising feature and turnabout. Would have been a star higher if better balanced, with the conclusion being work, more than inspirational, but appropriate to the story.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
June 21, 2020
Decently-written biography of the man who inspired Arthur Conan Doyle to create Professor Moriarty. Considering that Worth was a professional criminal who was only successfully prosecuted twice in his life, there is a surprising amount of documentary evidence (or at least witness statements) about his career - much of it in the files of the Pinkertons. The author sticks pretty close to the facts, although he does wander a bit into speculation about Worth's obsession with the Gainsborough portrait. 3 stars.
August 28, 2021
Another good historical biography of a famous person I'd never heard of. I like this better than the previous Macintyre book I read, but I need to put him aside because I have 5 books and counting that are awaiting me at the library.
July 13, 2025
I feel like this was hampered by its source material. The story of Worth’s life, while intriguing and enjoyable dragged on and felt repetitive at times.
Knowing it is one of Macintyre’s earlier books makes sense, as he seems to be learning his craft and developing his style.
Overall slightly underwhelming but won’t stop me from picking up any of his other books.
Knowing it is one of Macintyre’s earlier books makes sense, as he seems to be learning his craft and developing his style.
Overall slightly underwhelming but won’t stop me from picking up any of his other books.
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