I think many people who didn't like this book felt so because they expected self-help advice and not an academic exercise of actual sociology.
For those like me, accustomed to the scientific discourse and who were looking to understand mainly this shift in mentalities and how it influences personal lives, but without any key action points or easy to digest info, it is perfect. I loved it - first and foremost, how beautifully it proves that you can approach less traditional themes in the realm of science and still do so every bit as seriously as when male academics discuss the more cold themes of migration, digitalization, class tensions, and whatnot.
That being said, the book analyzes how the perception of courtship, love, commitment, passion and the role of the self in all of these changed from the 19th century to modern day. It focuses on the ways it has changed for the worse, but simply because that is what troubles us, not as a way to claim the pre-modern ways to love were superior or more desirable. It's just that modernity breeds complications of its own and complexities without precedent, that seem to stunt our ability to feel love and passion, and paralyze our inner lives in indecisiveness, fear and feelings of inadequacy.
I loved also that the author makes a case against the psychologization of all these difficulties. She shows that while therapists are quick to label men as emotionally stunted or women as being inadequately attached (and in need to revise themselves), it's actually social forces at play that drive these tendencies in people. Also, since we live in an age or greater and greater self-blame for failed relationships (especially in women), this kind of discourse is particularly harmful, the author argues.
The pre-modern times were actually spot-on in assigning blame on the partner who left or broke promises or behaved in a dishonorable manner. Nowadays, we shy away from assigning blame in others because it would cause us to appear judgemental, but in fact, this separation of ethics and the realm of dating and relationships is what's harmful.
The takeaway is that we shouldn't feel ashamed of actually wanting love and compelled to downplay it in fear or scaring men away (as pop psychology would urge us). Of course, this is also a market dynamic. If some women begin to be more demanding in this sense, there will always be others who are willing to 'ruin the market' for everyone else. But, as long as all of us (all genders included) try to be more aware of our needs and of the other, we can hope to achieve more meaningful relationships.
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Some of my favorite excerpts (long ones):
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Shulamith Firestone, for example, argues that men use various strategies to maintain control over relationships, such as not wanting to commit and displaying unpredictable behavior (e.g., standing up women, being vague about future dates, making work a priority, etc.). She suggests that “[male] culture was (and is) parasitical, feeding on the emotional strength of women without reciprocity.”
In this view, then, boys/men are “emotional parasites”: that is, they can take love, but not generate or return it to provide the kind of emotional sustenance women need. Following this line of thought, commitment phobia can be viewed as an aspect of “compulsory heterosexuality,” one of the main institutionalized descriptions of the ways in which women are systematically humiliated, dismissed, and ignored by men. (p 69-70)
These explanations are crucial for situating love in the context of asymmetrical power relations. But a flaw common to all of them is their pathologizing of male behavior and their concomitant affirmation and praise of the female psyche and of the (presumably female) model of intimacy. Sociologists should be suspicious of explanations that a priori pathologize forms of behavior. Psychological explanations, in particular, are suspect because they implicitly rely on a model of the healthy psyche which assumes that intimacy is the “normal” and “healthy” state to which we should aspire and thus denies the empirical and normative possibility that individuals or groups can reject intimacy and not be psychically flawed. In other words, even though as a feminist I find the current state of heterosexuality oppressive, I want to analyze it in ways that do not presume that the woman’s way of managing interpersonal relationships is the norm, the yardstick by which men’s behavior should be measured. (p 70)
“Modern ambivalence takes a number of forms: not knowing what one feels for someone else (Is it true love? Do I really want to spend my life with him?); feeling conflicting emotions (the desire to explore new relationships while continuing in the current relationship); saying something but not feeling the emotions that should accompany the words (I love being with you, but I cannot bring myself to commit completely). Ambivalence is not intrinsic to the psyche but is a property of the institutions that organize our lives. Institutional arrangements are often responsible for people wanting conflicting goods: love and autonomy, and care and self-reliance, as expressed in the different institutions of family and market.
[..]
“Robert Merton, one of the first sociologists to analyze ambivalence, suggested that it may result from conflicting normative expectations within a role, but that such contradictions do not necessarily undermine this role. On the contrary, Merton reasoned that ambivalence can be functional to the social order. But while ambivalence may not be a problem, Merton posited that “it is the indecision that may follow and block action. The problem is abulia, although the pain is ambivalence.” Because desire cannot fixate on a single object and cannot desire what it in fact craves for, it becomes divided against itself.” (p 99)
“Autonomy, freedom, and reason are the overarching goods of modernity, enabling each other and being a condition for the other. The very conditions of the institutionalization of freedom – in the transformation of the ecology and architecture of choice – have affected and transformed the will, as the core notion of personhood on which these ideals are based. It could be suggested also that much of therapy, self-help, and coaching culture can be reduced to cultural techniques to monitor choice and make decisions in an increasingly volatile market of possibilities. In this process, therefore, freedom becomes aporetic, for, in its realized form, it leads to the incapacity or lack of desire to exercise choice. If there is a history of freedom, then we can say that we have moved from the struggle for freedom to the difficulty to choose, and even to the right not to choose.” (p 107-108)
“To repeat then: my point here is not that women have no drive for autonomy, or that they should not have it. On the contrary: I would contend that men can follow the imperative for autonomy more consistently and for a longer part of their lives and, as a result, they can exert emotional domination over women’s desire for attachment, compelling them to mute their longing for attachment and to imitate men’s detachment and drive for autonomy.” (p 138)
[From an interview] “I think there are these power games men and women play. I have thought about it a lot. I think men and women’s relationships are fucked up to the core, because it is as if men can be truly interested in a woman only if she is distant from them, or withdraws something from them, or something like that. If a woman expresses neediness, anxieties, desire for closeness, then forget it, the man will just not be there. It is as if the man needs to prove to himself he can win her over and over again” (p 141)
There was a shift from blame to self-blame in cases of break-up and abandonment, from the 19th century towards today. We are taught not to ascribe moral value to the act of someone leaving the relationship, but to analyze our own fault for making him/her leave, especially for the imaginary fault of ‘loving too much’. In fact, this is a dangerous slope of gnawing at our own self-worth, and a medicalization of the perfectly natural response to companionship (love), instrumented by psychology. (p 148-152)
“Thus, the Mars and Venus terminology with which we have tried to explain and soothe our differences will obviously not do; in fact, it only serves to further naturalize the culturally engineered differences between men and women. Such terminology posits that men and women are fundamentally different, that men like to solve problems while women like to be acknowledged, and that the solution is that men should listen to and validate women, while women should respect men’s need for autonomy. This may seem to provide disoriented men and women with a useful way to navigate the high sea of gender differences, but in many respects it only reinforces the view of men as emotionally inept, and of women as in need of fixing their emotional makeup.” (p 245)
“Indeed, the critical reader, as many readers of this book will undoubtedly be, will want to know what my political recommendations are. One main normative assumption standing behind this work is that the loss of passion and emotional intensity is an important cultural loss and that the cooling of emotions may make us less vulnerable to others, but makes it more difficult to connect to others through passionate engagement.” (p 245)
“The goal of gender equality is not equal detachment but an equal capacity to experience strong and passionate emotions. [..]
The capacity to derive meaning from relationships and emotions, I believe, is better found in those bonds that totally engage the self, enabling it to focus on another person in a way that is self-forgetful (as in the models of ideal parenthood or friendship, for example). Moreover, passionate love dispels the uncertainty and insecurity inherent in most interactions, and in that sense provides a very important source for understanding and enacting what we care about.3 This kind of love radiates from the core of the self, mobilizes the will, and synthesizes a variety of one’s desires. As Harry Frankfurt put it, loving frees us from the constraints and difficulties inherent in the fact of not knowing what to think, and, I would add, what to feel. Passionate love ends that state of indecisiveness, releases us from “the blockage of irresolution.” This kind of love is character-building, and ultimately is the only one to provide a compass by which to lead one’s life. The state of indecisiveness about what we love – caused by the abundance of choice, by the difficulty to know one’s emotions by self-scrutiny, and by the ideal of autonomy – prevents passionate commitment and ends up obscuring who we are to ourselves and to the world. For these reasons, I cannot take at face value the cult of sexual experience that has swept over the cultural landscape of Western countries, mostly because I believe such a kind of intensely commodified sexual freedom interferes with the capacity of men and women to forge intense, all-involving meaningful bonds.” (p 246)
“We should thus not only stop viewing the male psyche as inherently weak or unloving, but also open for discussion the model of sexual accumulation promoted by modern masculinity and too enthusiastically endorsed and imitated by women; we should also rearticulate alternative models of love, models in which masculinity and passionate commitment are not incompatible and are even synonymous. Instead of hammering at men their emotional incapacity, we should invoke models of emotional masculinity other than those based on sexual capital. Such cultural invocation might, in fact, take us closer to the goals of feminism, which have been to build ethical and emotional models congruent with the social experience of women. For when detached from ethical conduct, sexuality, as we have known it for the last thirty years, has become an arena of raw struggle that has left many men and especially women bitter and exhausted.” (p 247)
“Yet, as I have tried to show, love in many ways is more crucial than ever to the determination of self-worth. Given that so much in our culture points a finger at our psyches, we are deemed to be insufficiently competent when a love story fails, and for this reason, love failures threaten the foundations of the self, which is why modern love demands psychotherapies, endless friends’ talks, consultations and consolations. Love is more than a cultural ideal; it is a social foundation for the self. Yet, the cultural resources that make it constitutive of the self have been depleted. Precisely for that reason, ethics is urgently demanded back into sexual and emotional relations, exactly because these relations are now so crucial to the formation of self-worth and self-respect.” (p 247)