By ‘modern consumerism’ the author means the cycle of ephemeral desires for fashion and other goods. Although capitalist production facilitates the sheer magnitude of this, the author argues that there must be more to it, based on, for example, the increased frequency of fashion changes from the late 18th century onwards.
He locates part of the cause in the romantic world view which, via its emphasis on being true to one’s inner spirit (‘a man in all the truth of nature, and that man myself’, quoting Rousseau). Thus Campbell concludes that ‘The romantic world-view provided the highest possible motives with which to justify day-dreaming, longing and the rejection of reality, together with the pursuit of originality in life and art’. Hence he argues that deferred gratification is alive and well in current consumerism, as we imagine that a particular product will result in a transformed and more valid self, before the purchase leads to inevitable disillusion.
The other strand in explaining consumerism (what he calls modern autonomous imaginative hedonism) is the moral justification. This he traces back to post-Calvinist Protestantism via 18th century sentimentalism. Admitting that this may seem surprising, he takes care to put this theory alongside, or rather chronologically after, the origin of Weber’s Protestant work ethic. He argues that the supremacy of inner grace soon required ways to ascertain its presence in a given person and hence ways to demonstrate it oneself (think ‘Quaking’). With help from the Cambridge Platonists this evolved into secular sentimentalism in the 18th century. Thus, emotions induced my movie melodrama or tear-jerking news items allow one to conclude ‘I am positive I have a soul’.
Overall it’s an ambitious argument but well sustained, and more thoroughgoing than typical, more simplistic, accounts of consumerism. For example, we can blame advertisers for being manipulative but the consumer must have some pre-existing qualities to be manipulated.