This was a fun and informative read. I look forward to reading more books about the history of Spain, and Queen Isabel la Catolica in particular. I lament not being able to find primary source material, but I am glad that I have access to great scholars. I present here an apologia of Queen Isabel la Catolica and Spain:
The first European monarch to fight against slavery with legal means was Queen Isabel the Catholic 520 years ago almost to the day, June 20, 1500 A.D. (the namesake of our youngest daughter). The Laws of Burgos (1512-1513 A.D.) and later the Laws of the Indies (1542 A.D.), condemning slavery and passed by her husband, King Fernando the Catholic, and her grandson Emperor Charles V, is her legacy. Charles V had Bishop Bartolome de las Casas go to Rome and convince Pope Paul III to write the papal bull, Sublimus Dei, as the first Christian denunciation of slavery June 2, 1537 A.D.
The first philosophers really delving into human rights as we know them today, were those of the School of Salamanca in the 16th and 17th century during what is considered the Spanish Renaissance.
So, the idea that slavery was wrong was truly foreign to the world until around 500 years ago. It took 350 years for it to start sinking in to the mind of the West. The entire history of mankind, even until today, has had slavery. At present, there are slave auctions in northern Africa. Most of our clothes and electronics have been made by slaves.
We are in a position where these issues and ideas were hashed out by philosophers and monarchs, and neatly handed down to us. We are blessed to have been given this.
Human rights as you and I know them are thanks to Queen Isabel. When the Church was debating if the Indians had souls, she rightly proclaimed they were humans fully and Spanish subjects to be treated with human dignity.
In a recent conversation someone was connecting St. Junipero Serra with encomienda and the monarchy of Isabel the Catholic. Encomienda was akin to the peasant system. Encomienda was not slavery. In fact, many indigenous still have the deeds to their lands signed by the king. And, over and above that, encomienda had been finished for nearly 200 years by the time Saint Junipero came on the scene.
The Laws of Burgos (1512 A.D.-1513 A.D.) are very clear on how encomienda was to work. It is nothing as ugly as many seem to think, except for it’s implementation in the Caribbean islands. Encomienda was abused mostly in the Caribbean, by such people as the famed Bartolome de las Casas, the so called “Protector of the Indians” and his friends.
Due to the horrible reality of what the encomienda became in the Caribbean, Hernán Cortés was adamant that it was not to be brought to New Spain aka Mexico. It was outlawed not long after. Hernán Cortés was also a great protector of the Indians, and when the Caribbean villains had killed off 90% of the indigenous and tried kidnapping Indians from Mexico, Cortés was known to capture the ships and free the Indians who were Spanish subjects.
Whenever people were accused of heinous crimes against the indigenous they were recalled to Spain for trial, and if found guilty harshly punished. When the enemies of Cortés leveled charges at him, he was recalled to Spain, and found innocent. His accusers were cruel, bad men, and they were robbing the indigenous and Hernán Cortés blind. Zumarraga, the bishop of happy memory, had written a letter to Carlos V (Emperor Charles V) on all the happenings of the time leading up to Cortés’ recall to Spain. At that time it was believed that Cortés was dead, as his enemies proclaimed him so in order to pilfer his property. Cortés was exploring Honduras at the time. Zumarraga’s letter explains in a dispassionate way, rule under Cortés, as well as the evils that began to occur when Cortés left to explore Honduras.
After being found innocent of the superfluous charges, Cortés returned to New Spain as a still high ranking government official, but no longer had the power he once had. His accusers had been found out, and the chief among them spent his final years imprisoned. With a desire to explain the character of Cortés, I wish to mention that he financially supported his enemy and his enemies family the whole time as an act of charity. He did this for the man that robbed and tried to ruin him.
Also of note, the Moctezuma line is part of European royalty to this day. There are monarchs throughout Europe with the Moctezuma royal heritage. This is due to the workings of Hernán Cortés with Emperor Carlos V (Charles V).
Almost all of the surviving conquistadores of New Spain married indigenous girls. The Spaniards immediately intermarried with the indigenous. They had a love for the people of the lands the discovered.
The conquistadores and those that arrived later that were doing evil, if found out were usually recalled to Spain and punished. This is the time that the real idea of human rights was born. Hispanoamerica was not a land of colonies, but an extension of Spain. It was not, like the English and French colonies, autonomous business ventures.
Returning to the Apostle of California, Queen Isabel la Católica died in the year 1504 A.D., wheras Saint Junipero Serra (a true protector of the Indians, unlike the despicable Las Casas) was born in 1713 A.D. So there was no direct connection between the two.
It was 15th and 16th century Spain to which we owe the accolades of human rights, not the so called Enlightenment.
Pope Francis, in his encyclical Amoris Laetitia (March 19, 2016) stated, “The lack of historic memory is a serious shortcoming in our society.” And I believe the current iconoclasm is a case of that. A lack of historic memory.