Tolstoï commença la rédaction de cet essai, intitulé Du suicide, en mars 1910, peu de temps avant sa mort. C’est l’un de ses tout derniers textes. Il en reprit la rédaction quelques mois plus tard, après avoir visité deux hôpitaux psychiatriques, orientant sa réflexion sur la folie.
Les nombreux brouillons et les variantes attestent du long travail de l’auteur qui revient une fois encore, avec un ton violent et dépouillé des artifices du style, sur cette tragédie qui l’a souvent hanté. Tolstoï répond à de nombreux correspondants, candidats au suicide, qui s’adressent à l’écrivain devenu à l’époque un sage universellement connu. Il dénonce la folie du monde, reliant constamment dans son analyse la question politique à la problématique personnelle. Il ne fait pas reposer la responsabilité de cette folie uniquement sur les contradictions personnelles dans lesquelles se débattent les individus ou sur la perversion des institutions, mais il montre le rapport profond qui existe entre le social et l’individuel.
Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (Russian: Лев Николаевич Толстой; most appropriately used Liev Tolstoy; commonly Leo Tolstoy in Anglophone countries) was a Russian writer who primarily wrote novels and short stories. Later in life, he also wrote plays and essays. His two most famous works, the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, are acknowledged as two of the greatest novels of all time and a pinnacle of realist fiction. Many consider Tolstoy to have been one of the world's greatest novelists. Tolstoy is equally known for his complicated and paradoxical persona and for his extreme moralistic and ascetic views, which he adopted after a moral crisis and spiritual awakening in the 1870s, after which he also became noted as a moral thinker and social reformer.
His literal interpretation of the ethical teachings of Jesus, centering on the Sermon on the Mount, caused him in later life to become a fervent Christian anarchist and anarcho-pacifist. His ideas on nonviolent resistance, expressed in such works as The Kingdom of God Is Within You, were to have a profound impact on such pivotal twentieth-century figures as Mohandas Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.