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奥义书
黄宝生
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《奥义书》(upanisad)在印度古代思想史上占有重要地位,是印度上古思想转型的关键著作,对印度古代宗教和哲学的发展产生了深远影响。印度上古时代也称吠陀时代。现存吠陀文献包括吠陀本集、梵书、森林书和奥义书。吠陀本集有四部:《梨俱吠陀》、《娑摩吠陀》、《夜柔吠陀》和《阿达婆吠陀》,约产生于公元前十五世纪至公元前十世纪之间。其中,《梨俱吠陀》(尽gveda)是颂神诗集,《娑摩吠陀》(Sgtmaveda)是颂神歌曲集,《夜柔吠陀》(Yajurveda)是祈祷诗文集,《阿达婆吠陀》(Atharvaveda)是巫术诗集。这些吠陀本集表明印度吠陀时代是崇拜神祗的时代。神祗分成天上诸神、空中诸神和地上诸神三类。许多天神由自然现象转化而成,如苏尔耶(太阳神)、阿耆尼(火神)、伐由(风神)、普利提维(大地女神)和乌霞(黎明女神)等,也有一些天神由社会现象或与自然现象相结合的社会现象转化而成,如因陀罗(雷神和战神)、陀湿多(工巧神)、苏摩(酒神)和毗诃波提(祭司神)等。《梨俱吠陀》中的颂神诗主要是向这些天神表达崇拜、敬畏、赞美和祈求。在印度上古初民的心目中,人间一切事业的成功都依靠天神的庇佑。
395 pages, Kindle Edition
First published October 10, 2010
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黄宝生
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