This is the first book in the Indian Lives series, edited and curated by Ramachandra Guha.
Ashoka, the last great Mauryan emperor, is one of the most iconic figures in Indian history. Under his rule (268-232 BCE) the Mauryan empire extended across almost the entirety of the Indian subcontinent. Apart from his effective reign over his vast kingdom, Ashoka is well known for his renunciation of war, his development of the concept of dhamma, his patronage of Buddhism, and his promotion of religious harmony.
Ashoka has been imagined, and reimagined, many times over. It has been said that there are at least two the historical Ashoka (whom we know mainly through his inscriptions), and the legendary Ashoka, who is largely a construct of the popular imagination. The distinguished scholar Patrick Olivelle's new book resists the temptation to blend the two-a temptation that many writers have succumbed to-as it seeks to gain an insight into the emperor's world. Based primarily on the inscriptions (which is where Ashoka 'speaks for himself'), Olivelle constructs a fascinating portrait of India's first great ruler, where the figure of Ashoka comes vividly alive notwithstanding the elusiveness and fragmentary nature of the sources.
The average Indian probably encounters—in an indirect way—one of ancient India's greatest rulers several times a day. In the chakra that adorns the tricolour, in the four-lion national emblem that appears on government documents, government buildings, currency notes. But how many Indians, really, know very much about this 'famous' king? A few, with a bent towards history, might know of Ashoka's infamous Kalinga campaign, and how, in the wake of this bloody war and the thousands of dead it left behind, Ashoka repented and turned to religion. Some may know something of how he sent Buddhist missions to other countries, such as Sri Lanka. Some may have heard of dhamma. Most only think of Ashoka as ‘great’, with little idea of what that greatness entailed.
But there is much more to Ashoka, as Patrick Olivelle sets out to explain in Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King, the inaugural title in a series (edited by Ramachandra Guha) called Indian Lives. Olivelle begins his book with a prologue in which he shows how important Ashoka once was, ruler over a subcontinental empire that was surpassed only by that of the British, almost two thousand years later. Yet, a ruler of whom what is commonly known is relatively little. Because there is a ‘legendary’ Ashoka, the man written about in Buddhist hagiographies and other texts that have little to do with fact, and a ‘historical’ Ashoka, glimpsed through the many inscriptions he left scattered about his territories. Olivelle goes on to describe how the British scholar and antiquarian James Prinsep (1799-1840), in 1837 succeeded in deciphering the Brahmi script, finally allowing Ashoka’s many inscriptions to be read.
It is largely on the basis of these inscriptions—totaling a little over 4,000 words—that Olivelle describes Ashoka in his book. He divides the book into four parts, and devotes each of those parts to understanding, through those inscriptions, the different aspects of Ashoka. Part 1, Raja: Ashoka the King, begins with a brief introduction to the Mauryans before going on to examine Ashoka’s role as a king: his attitudes (so very different from those of other rulers, across time and space), his roles as a builder and a writer, as a diplomat and as father-figure to his people, among others. In Part 2, Upasaka: Ashoka the Buddhist, Olivelle emphasizes the early edicts of Ashoka, which show his initial years as a Buddhist devotee, his ‘striving’, his involvement with the Buddhist Sangha, and his attempts at evangelization.
Following his early fervour as a Buddhist, Ashoka turned (or so his inscriptions reveal) in later years to a more non-denominational, non-specific ‘dhamma’ (the Prakrit equivalent of the Sanskrit ‘dharma’), a philosophy that sought, like that of Akbar’s Din-e-Ilahi, to promote syncretism. This is the subject of Part 3, Dharma: Ashoka the Moral Philosopher. The last section of the book, Part 4, Pasanda: Ashoka the Ecumenist, delves deeper into this subject and explores connected concepts, such as the existence of ‘pasandas’ or organized religious groups, and how Ashoka related to them. A glossary and an appendix, the latter containing an English translation of, and some basic notes about, each of Ashoka’s inscriptions, round off the book.
Ashoka is well-written, and the author, keeping in mind a readership not necessarily restricted to the academic, takes care to steer clear of jargon. He goes deep into detail, analyzing each of Ashoka’s inscriptions to see how it offers insights into not just Ashoka’s psyche, but into the times he lived in: how people felt about religion, what rituals and practices might have been prevalent, how societies and rulers behaved. He uses other sources, from Brahmanical texts to the accounts of the Greek diplomat Megasthenes; from Patanjali’s grammar to Kautilya’s Arthashastra and Apastamba’s Dharmasutra, besides many modern scholars, to shed light on Ashoka, his possible motivations, and more. He minutely examines each of Ashoka’s inscriptions to show how it may reflect different aspects of Ashoka’s life and thoughts. This means that Olivelle returns again and again to an inscription, and (given that several of the inscriptions are fairly similar in tone), it can come across as somewhat repetitive.
Despite that, however, this remains an informative and interesting book, not the usual, often dry litany of battles and campaigns and administrative reforms most lives of ancient rulers are relegated to being in modern day accounts. Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King, instead, is a thought-provoking, enlightening book.
Interessant boek voor wie geïnteresseerd is in de geschiedenis van India. Koning Ashoka was een legendarische heerser over wie veel mythes bestaan. De schrijver probeert een zo goed mogelijk historisch beeld te geven en komt naar mijn idee met een aantal overtuigende verklaringen voor de raadsels die het leven van de koning omhullen. Mijn enige kritiek is dat het boek het midden houdt tussen een boek voor leken en voor specialisten. Het is soms wat langdradig en te gedetailleerd.
Very interesting. But often repetitive, and felt a little thin overall. Seemed to me like it should have been a long article. But I'm not sorry I listened to it, As I learned a fair amount about something I knew nothing about previously.
அசோகர் ஒரு தத்துவவியலாளர் - அரசரின் சொல்லோவியம் கட்டுரை பாட்ரிக் ஆலிவெல் தமிழில் - சீனிவாச ராமானுஜம் 434 பக்கங்கள் எதிர் வெளியீடு
அசோகர் - ஒரு தத்துவவியலாளர் - அரசரின் சொல்லோவியம் - என்ற புத்தகத்தை பற்றி உரையாட தொடங்கும் முன் , நாம் எல்லோரும் தமிழர்கள் - தமிழ்நாடு என்ற குறுகிய வட்டத்திற்குள் இருந்து சிந்திப்பதை கடந்து - அதிலிருந்து நம் எண்ண ஓட்டங்களையும் , சிந்தனைகளையும் மீட்டெடுத்து சற்று பரந்து விரிந்த இந்த இந்திய மண்ணின் ஒரு சராசரி பிரஜையாக நம்மை நாமே மீட்டுருவாக்கம் செய்ய வேண்டுகிறேன் . இந்த புத்தகத்தை அதன் தலைப்பில் இருந்தே தொடங்கலாம் - அசோகர் - நம் அனைவர்க்கும் தெரிந்த ஒரு சிறந்த அரசர் . அசோகர் யார் என்று இது வரை நாம் அறிந்து வைத்திருந்த அனைத்தையும் இப்பொழுது தள்ளி வைத்துவிட்டு - அசோகரை பற்றி பேட்ரிக் ஆலிவெல் தன் ஆராய்ச்சியின் வழி கண்டறிந்தவற்றை எந்த ஒரு முன் தீர்மானம் எதுவும் இல்லாமல் கூர்ந்து அவதானிக்க தொடங்குவோம் . அசோகரை - அரசர் என்று அழைப்பதற்கு முன் தத்துவவியலாளர் என்று ஆலிவெல் குறிப்பிட்டது நம்மை ஆழமாக யோசிக்க வைக்கிறது . ஒரு அரசன் அறிவார்ந்து - தன் முடிவுகளை தானே சுயமாக எடுக்கும் நிகழ்வுகள் வரலாற்றில் குறைவு -அதிலும் ஒரு அரசனே தத்துவவியலாளராக திகழ்வது அதனினும் அரிது . 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பிறகும் ஒரு ஆராய்ச்சியாளர் அவரை தத்துவவியலாளர் என்று ஏற்றுக்கொள்வது என்பது நிச்சயம் சாதாரணமான ஒன்றாக நாம் கடந்து செல்ல முடியாத ஒன்று . ஒரு ஆராய்ச்சிக் கட்டுரை தொகுப்பை ஒரு எழுத்தாளர் சொல்லோவியம் என்று தலைப்பிடுவதை நாம் காண்பது அரிது . இந்த ஒற்றை முகப்புச் சொல் இந்த புத்தகம் எங்கிருந்து தோன்றியது என்பதை நமக்கு சொல்லாமல் சொல்லிவிடுகிறது . 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு பிறகு ஒரு நவீன ஓவியத்தை விளங்கிக்கொள்வதைப்போல - அசோகரின் சொற்களை ஆலிவெல் ஆராய்ந்து அதே நேரத்தில் அந்த ஓவியத்தின் அழகில் மயக்கம் கொள்ளாமல் ஒரு ஆராய்ச்சியாளரின் கண்டிப்போடு அதனை தன்னுடைய உலகளாவிய அறிவின் துணைகொண்டு எளிமையான முறையில் நம்மிடம் கடத்த முயற்சிக்கிறார் . ஒரு ஆராய்ச்சியாளர் ஒரு குறிப்பிட்ட வரலாற்று நிகழ்வை ஆராய்ந்து அதனை விவரிக்க தொடங்கும் முன் அந்த நிகழ்விற்கு முன்னும் பின்னும் உள்ள காலங்களின் ஊடாக பயணித்த பின்பே தான் ஆராய நினைத்த வரலாற்றை முழுமையாக ஆராய்ந்து புரிந்து கொள்ள முடியும் . அசோகரை ஆராய தொடங்கும் ஆலிவெல் அவருடைய தாத்தா சந்திரகுப்தா மௌரியரிடமிருந்து தொடங்கி சுதந்திர இந்தியாவில் நேருவிடம் வந்து முடிக்கிறார் . யார் இந்த அசோகர் ? இந்திய துணைக்கண்டம் ஜாம்புவித்பா என்று அழைக்கப்பட்ட பொ ஆ மு 300( சுமார் ) ஆண்டு காலகட்டத்தில் குறிக்கும் நெடுக்குமாக ஆப்கானிஸ்தான் முதல் வங்கம் வரை - நேபால் முதல் கர்நாடகம் வரை பரந்து விரிந்த இந்த சாம்ராஜ்யத்தை உருவாக்கிய பெருமை சந்திரகுப்த மௌரியரை சேர்ந்தாலும் , ஒரு நூற்றாண்டு காலம் இந்த மிகப்பெரிய நிலப்பரப்பை அமைதியான நிலமாக மாற்றிய பெருமை அவருடைய பேரன் அசோகரையே சேரும் . மௌரிய வம்சத்திலேயே 37 வருடம் ஆட்சி செய்தவர் , உலகம் முழுக்க நல்லுறவுகளை மேற்கொண்டவர் . கிரேக்க - ஹெல்லெனிய - அரசுகளுடன் நட்பு பாராட்டியவர் . தன் ஆட்சி தொடங்கிய 7-8 வருடத்திற்குள் மிகப்பெரிய போரான கலிங்கத்துப்போரில் மாபெரும் வெற்றி கொண்டவர் . யார் இந்த பியதஸி ? ஒரு அரசன் தன்னுடைய கல்வெட்டுகளில் தன்னை அரசன் என்று சொல்லாமல் - கடவுளின் அன்புக்குரியவன் - தீங்கில்லா முகபாவம் கொண்டவன் என்று அழைக்க விரும்புவது ஏன் ? தான் இயற்றிய எந்த ஒரு கல்வெட்டுகளிலும் எந்த ஒரு பெருமைக்கான சொற்களும் , வீண் விளம்பரங்களும் , துதிப்பாடல்களும் இல்லாமல் -தன்னை மக்களுக்காக சேவை செய்ய கடவுளால் அனுப்பப்பட்டவன் என்று பகிரங்கமாக மக்கள் முன் முறையிட்ட அரசன் உலகில் அசோகர் ஒருவர் தான் . அசோகருக்குள் நிகழ்ந்த மாற்றம் ? கலிங்கத்து போரின் இறப்புகளும் - இழப்புகளும் அசோகரின் போர் குணத்தை மாற்றியமைத்ததா ? நிச்சயம் அவரை வருத��தம் கொள்ள வைத்தது . அதனை தன் தூண் அரசாணையில் அவரே வருந்துகிறேன் என்று குறிப்பிடுகிறார் . இப்படி ஒரு அரசன் மக்களிடம் தான் வருந்துவதாக கூ��ுவதும் நாம் கண்டு கேட்டிராத ஒன்று . உண்மையில் அசோகரை மாற்றியது எது ? என்னை பொறுத்தவரை போருக்கு பின் அமைதியை தேடி அவர் ஆன்மீகத்தின் வழி மேற்கொண்ட பயணமும் - அந்த பயணத்தில் அவர் கண்டடைந்த புத்த மதமும் அதன் உபாசனைகளும் அதன் பின் அவருடைய நாட்டை நோக்கிய பயண காலமும் , தன் நாட்டின் எதிர்காலத்தை நோக்கிய அச்சமும் அவருக்குள் ஆழமான சிந்தனைகளை உருவாக்கி ,அதன் விளைவாக உலகளாவிய - பன்முகத்தன்மையுடன் - எல்லா மக்களாலும் மதங்களை கடந்து பின்பற்ற கூடிய ஒரு தத்துவத்தை கண்டடைந்து அதனை முன்வைக்கிறார் - அதுவே தர்மம் . அரசராக அசோகர் அசோகர் தன் வம்சத்தின் வழியாகவும் - ஹெல்லெனிய அரசோடு கொண்ட தாய் வழி தொடர்பாகவும் - உலகளாவிய நல்லுறவுகளாலும் தன்னுடைய அரசாட்சியை திறம்பட வடிவமைத்துள்ளார் . பன்முகப்படுத்துதல் ( decentralisation ) என்ற அதிநவீன செயல்பாட்டை 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் திறம்பட செயல்படுத்தி காட்டியுள்ளார் . 5 படி நிலைகளில் அதிகாரிகள் - ஆளுநர்களாக இளவரசர்கள் - அவர்கள் ஒவ்வொருவருக்கும் தனி தனியே கட்டளைகள் - காலரீதியான தணிக்கை முறைகள் - பரந்த நிலப்பரப்பில் காலரீதியான பயணத்திற்கான அட்டவணைகள் - தண்டனை வழங்கும் வழிமுறைகள் என அரசின் அதிகாரத்தை பகிர்ந்து கொடுத்த அதே நேரத்தில் அதன் ஒட்டு மொத்த பிடி பாடலிபுத்ரத்தில் தன்னிடம் இருக்குமாறும் அசோகர் பார்த்துக்கொண்டார் என்றால் அதற்கு மிகப்பெரிய உலகளாவிய அரசியல் அறிவும், அனுபவமும் , தொலைநோக்கு பார்வையும் தேவை .
மக்களை குழந்தைகளாக - அரசரை தந்தையாக பாவித்து ஆட்சி நிகழ்த்தி , மக்களின் பயணத்திற்கான சாலைகளை மேம்படுத்துதல் , மரம் நடுதல் , தண்ணீர் பந்தல் அமைத்தல் , இளைப்பாற சத்திரம் அமைத்தல் , கிணறுகளை ஏற்படுத்துதல் , எல்லையோர மக்களையும் - எல்லை தாண்டிய மக்களையும் தன் சொந்த மக்களை போல பேணிப்பாதுகாத்தல் , கைதிகளின் விடுதலை ( ஒவ்வொரு வருடமும் ), மரண தண்டனை நிறைவேற்ற மூன்று நாள் அவகாசம் , அரச குடும்பம் விவசாயத்தில் ஈடுபடுதல் , ராணிகள் மக்களுக்கு கோடை கொடுத்தல் , எந்த நேரத்திலும் - எந்த சூழ்நிலையிலும் - எந்த இடத்திலும் - மஹாமத்ரர்கள் தன்னை வந்து சந்திக்க அனுமதி கொடுத்தல் என இன்றைய ஆசிய கண்டத்தில் உள்ள இந்தியா உட்பட பல நாடுகளின் அரசியல் அமைப்பிற்க்கு வித்திட்டவர் அசோகர் . ஆனால் , வருந்தக்கூடியது என்னவென்றால் அவருடைய சக்கரமும் - சிங்கமுக சின்னங்களும் மட்டுமே நம் நினைவில் வைத்துக்கொண்டு அசோகரையும் அவர் நமக்கு கொடுத்த அறிவார்ந்த அறிவுரைகளையும் மறந்து விட்டோம் . அசோகரின் மௌனம் ஆலிவெல் அசோகரின் சொற்களுக்கு உள்ளும் - புறமும் , இடைவெளியிலும் அலசி பார்த்தாலும் ஒரு சில மௌனங்கள் இறுதிவரை புலப்படவில்லை . சில நேரங்களில் அசோகரின் மௌனம் நம்மை அதீத தொந்தரவுக்கு உள்ளாக்குகிறது . இதனாலோ என்னவோ ஆலிவெல் மீண்டும் மீண்டும் அசோகர் ஒரு சிக்கலான மனிதர் என்று முறையிடுகிறார் . அவருடைய மௌனம் யாரை பற்றியது ? எதை பற்றியது ? பெண்கள் , குழந்தைகளுடனான உறவு , வர்ணம் முறைகள் , கணவன் -மனைவி உறவு , சாமானிய மக்களின் கலாச்சாரம் , பண்பாடு , மொழி ,வாழ்க்கை முறை . அசோகரின் பார்வை ஆணாதிக்கம் நிறைந்த ஒன்று என்பதை மறுக்கவியலாது . அசோகரின் தர்மம் புத்த மதத்திடமிருந்து தர்மம் அவரை ஆட்கொண்டாலும் , அசோகர் தன் மக்களுக்கு கற்பிப்ப நினைத்ததும் - அவர்கள் கடைபிடிக்க வேண்டும் என்று நினைத்ததும் வேறு வேறு தர்மங்களாக உள்ளன . புத்த தம்மமத்தின் 5 முக்கிய வகைகளை அவர் எங்கும் பதிவிடவில்லை . புத்த மதத்தை நேரடியாகவோ , மறைமுகமாகவோ எங்கும் பரப்புரையாற்றவோ - திணிக்கவோ இல்லை . அசோகர் தன் அறிவாற்றலாலும் - அனுபவத்தாலும் - சிந்தனையின் விளைவாகவும் தர்மத்திற்கு ஒரு புது வடிவத்தை கொடுக்க நினைத்து அதனை எந்த ஒரு மத , மொழி , இன , எல்லைக்குள்ளும் கட்டுப்படுத்தப்படாமல் உலகளாவிய , பன்முகத்தன்மை கொண்ட ஒரு கோட்பாடாக மக்களின் முன் வைக்கிறார் . மேலும், அதனை மக்கள் கூடும் இடங்களில் , பயணிக்கும் பாதைகளில் தூண் அரசாணையாக , பாறை அரசாணையாக நிறுவி தன்னுடைய அரசு அலுவலர்கள் ( தர்ம - மஹாமத்ரர்கள் ) கொண்டு குறிப்பிட்ட நாட்களில் தொடர்ந்து மீண்டும் மீண்டும் வாசிக்க எதுவாக நிரந்தரமாக கற்களில் பொறித்து வைக்கிறார் . அசோகரின் தத்துவங்கள் அசோகரின் தூண் மற்றும் பாறை அரசாணைகளை வரிசையாக வாசித்தால் தெரியும் - அசோகரின் அறிவுசார்ந்த ஆரம்பகால முடிவுகளும் - ஆணைகளும் மெல்ல அனுபவத்தின் பால் திரிந்து -தன் மக்களின் எதிர்வினைகளால் பாதிக்கப்பட்டு ஒரு தந்தை தன் மக்கட்ச்செல்வங்களுக்கு கூறும் அறிவுரைகளாக மாறுவதை நாம் கண்கூட பார்க்க முடியும் . இதுவே தத்துவத்தின் பிறப்பிடமாக - உருவாக்கத்தின் படிநிலைகளாக உள்ளன . 1. உலகளாவிய - மதச்சார்பற்ற - பன்முகத்தன்மையான - எல்லோருக்கும் சமமான தர்மம் 2. ஐக்கியவாதம் ( ECUMENISM ) 3. குடிமை மதம் ( CIVIL RELIGION )
ஐக்கியவாதம் ( ECUMENISM ) : பாஸந்தா என்ற சொல்லலை தோற்றுவிக்கிறார் . RELIGION என்ற அர்த்தத்திற்கு மிக நெருக்கத்தில் வருகிறது . பல மதங்களை அதன் தனித்தன்மையுடன் - கைகோர்த்து - இனைந்து நடந்திட வழி செய்யும் முயற்சி . பாஸந்தாகளுடனான உறவுகளை சந்திப்புகளின் மூலம் மேம்படுத்துதல் . வேறு வேறு பாஸந்தாக்களின் மூத்த துறவிகளின் கருத்து பரிமாறுதல் , விவாதங்களில் ஈடுபடுதல் , புரிதல் இல்லாத மதம் சார்ந்த சண்டைகளை அகற்றுதல் , எல்லா பாஸந்தாக்களுக்கும் பாகுபாடின்றி உதவிக்கரம் நீட்டுதல் ( பராபர் குகையை ஆஜீவர்களுக்கு தானமாக கொடுத்தது ) , பிறப்பால் தொடரும் மத சம்பந்தத்தை விருப்பத்தின் வழி மாற்றுதல் , பெண்களையும் துறவுக்கு அனுமதித்தல் என மத பன்மைத்துவத்தை மேம்படுத்தி நாட்டின் அமைதிக்காக அசோகரால் உருவாக்கப்பட்ட தத்துவம் .
குடிமை மதம் ( CIVIL RELIGION ) 2000 ஆண்டுகளுக்கு முன் அசோகர் உருவாக்கி பின்பற்றிய மக்களுக்கு அறிவுறுத்திய ஒரு அரசியலாட்சி சார்ந்த ஒரு தத்துவம் 18ஆம் நூற்றாண்டில் குடிமை மதம் என்று jean jacques rosseau என்ற பிரெஞ்சு தத்துவவியலாளரால் பெயரிடப்படுகிறது என்றால் நாம் அசோகரை சரியாக புரிந்துகொள்ள வில்லை என்று தான் கூறவேண்டும் . மதம் அரசியலாளர்களுக்கும் -அரசாங்கத்திற்கும் அதிகாரத்திற்கும் ஒரு முறையாக்கும் கருவியாகவே உலகம் முழுக்க பயன்படுத்தப்பட்டு வந்துள்ளது . அசோகர் ஒரு குறிப்பிட வரையறுக்கப்பட்ட மதங்களின் வட்டத்திற்குள் தன்னை அடைத்துக்கொள்ளாமல் அதனை கடந்து செல்கிறார் . இந்தியா போன்ற பல்வேறு மொழி-மதம் சார்ந்த மக்கள் வாழும் நிலப்பரப்பிற்கு அமைதியான சூழல் என்றைக்கும் நிலைத்து நிற்க இந்த குடிமை மதம் போன்ற தத்துவம் அவசியமான ஒன்றாக உள்ளது . அசோகரின் குடிமை மதக்கொள்கை - மதங்களின் குணாம்சங்களை உள்ளடக்கியது - மதங்களை கடந்த தார்மிக தத்துவத்தை முன்மொழிவது - பொது இடங்களில் தத்துவங்களை தூண் அரசாணையின் வழி மக்களிடம் கொண்டு சேர்ப்பது - அரசு எந்திரத்தில் இதற்கென தனி பிரிவும் - அதிகாரிகளையும் நியமித்தல் . இவ்வாறு ஒரு அரசியல் இயக்கத்தையும் - தத்துவார்த்த இயக்கத்தையும் - மதங்களை காயப்படுத்தாமல் - இணைத்து ஒரு உலகளாவிய அரசாட்சிக்கான மாபெரும் தத்துவத்தை நாட்டின் அமைதிற்காக நடைமுறைப்படுத்தினார் அசோகர் . அசோகரின் மீதான மௌனம் 200 ஆண்டுகள் நீண்ட மௌரிய சாம்ராஜ்யம் - 37 ஆண்டுகள் அசோகரின் தர்மம் சார்ந்த ஆட்சிமுறை அவருக்கு பின் வெவ்வேறு சந்ததிகள் வெறும் 52 ஆண்டுகளில் முடிவுக்கு கொண்டுவந்து விட்டன . அதன் பின் 2000 ஆண்டுகள் நீண்ட நெடிய ஒரு மௌனம் நம் சரித்திரத்தில் அசோகரின் மேல் படிந்துவிட்டது . இந்த மௌனம் அவருடைய மத பன்முகத்தன்மையை எதிர்த்த சமூகத்தினரால் திட்டமிட்டு எக்காரணம் கொண்டும் அவருடைய தத்துவங்கள் வெகுஜன மக்களை சென்றடைந்துவிடக்கூடாது என்பதில் மிகத்தெளிவாக இருந்திருக்கின்றனர் . அசோகரின் தத்துவங்களும் - கனவுகளும் அவர் கூறியது போல காலத்துக்கும் நிலைத்து நின்றதா ? என்று வரலா��்றை கேட்டு பார்த்தால் - ஆம் என்றுதான் சொல்லவேண்டும் . ஒரு நிழல் போல இந்தியாவின் மேலும் , தெற்கு ஆசிய கண்டத்தின் மேலும் அசோகரின் தத்துவ நிழல் நிரந்தரமாக படர்ந்துள்ளது . ராமர் - யுதிஷ்டிரர் - கனிஷ்கர் - சீன அரசர் வூ - இலங்கை வரலாறு - அக்பரின் ( தின் -இ -இலாஹி - கடவுளின் மதம் ) என்று வரலாறு முழுக்க ஆதாரங்கள் நிரம்பியிருந்தாலும் ,அசோகரின் சொற்களுக்கு குரல் கொடுத்து மீண்டும் உயிர்ப்பித்து 2000 ஆண்டுகால மௌனத்தை கலைத்தவர் james prinsep தான் . அசோகரின் நினைவாக அவருடைய சின்னங்களையும் - தூண்களையும் மட்டுமே வெகுஜன மக்களுக்கு பெரிதாக காண்பித்து அவருடைய தத்துவங்களை அரசியல் - மத சுய லாபத்திற்காக தெரிந்தே மறைத்திருந்தாலும் james prinsep துணைகொண்டு இன்று அசோகரின் தத்துவங்களை அவருடைய சொற்களின் வழியே நாம் அறிந்துகொண்டு அதன் மீது விவாதத்தை நிகழ்த்துவதன் மூலம் அசோகர் மீது படிந்த நீண்ட மௌனத்தினை மீண்டும் கலைத்துள்ளார் ஆலிவெல். சமகால இந்திய அரசியல் சூழலில் அசோகரின் தத்துவங்கள் அறிவார்ந்த சமூகம் மட்டுமல்லாமல் வெகுஜன மக்களிடமும் சென்று சேர வேண்டும் -எனவே இந்த முன்னெடுப்பை மேலும் ஒரு படி நீட்டித்து சீனிவாச ராமனுஞ்சம் இதனை இளைய தலைமுறையினருக்கும் - எளிய மக்களுக்கும் சென்று சேரும் வகையில் எளிமையன ஒரு வடிவில் மீட்டுருவாக்கம் செய்ய வேண்டும் என்று கேட்டுக்கொள்கிறேன் .
Ashoka, who ruled much of the modern Indian subcontinent from 268-232BCE, is a larger-than-life figure. His rule is characterized by his devotion to Buddhism and non-violence (with caveats, of course), which sets him apart from any ruler anywhere in the world. He also gave historians a great gift - he had many of his policies and thoughts inscribed on rocks and pillars, many of which have lasted 2000 years. This allows us to see his world through his eyes, something we cannot do with most historical figures. Finally, Ashokan symbols were adopted by the country's leaders when India gained independence in 1947. This means that Ashoka lives on today in our everyday lives, so it behooves us to understand more about him and his rule.
Olivelle's book on Ashoka is an interesting read, and one that certainly made me think a lot about how Ashoka influences India even today. It delves deep into Ashoka's life and tries to glean as much information as possible from his inscriptions. Specifically, the book focusses on a a few aspects of his reign: - His deepening interest in Buddhism, - The propagation of his vision of "dhamma/dharma", and - His efforts to bring all the existing religions together (his "ecumenism" as Olivelle puts it). I have to say that this is a deep work and very important for those who wish to understand Ashoka better.
That said, it seemed to me to be rather boring! Some aspects that I did not like: - The book is almost entirely based on Ashoka's inscriptions, which means that we only gets one (admittedly biased) perspective on his reign. This makes the entire book somewhat one-dimensional. - The author does not do a great job explaining the wider context in which Ashoka lived. The Greeks, the Chinese and others are only mentioned when their words help interpret Ashoka. Moreover, the political landscape of the region of Jambudvipa/Greater Magadha both before and after Ashoka get very short shrift. - The book also repeats itself a great deal. I understand that the author wants to drive home certain points, but by the end of the book this gets quite tiresome.
Overall, I would recommend the book to anyone who wants a deep dive into Ashoka's writings, but not so much for someone who wants a more holistic view of the region during his reign.
This book is the first in a series called ‘Indian Lives’ which will be a collection of prominent personalities which will illuminate the rich, complex and contested history of the subcontinent. Ashoka stands out among all the kings and emperors of the world who held sway over the people over several millennia. He is made known to us by the edicts he carved in prominent rock faces and polished pillars spread out in his empire in which he exhorted his subjects to follow dharma meticulously and to lead a morally pure life following his example. Through these inscriptions, he offered religious freedom for all the diverse sects subject only to the contention that they respect other faiths which may differ from their ideology. This was a glowing model for later religions which was unthinkable in medieval Europe or even in modern Middle East where no opposition to the prevailing dogma would be encouraged. Also, Ashoka was the lone king in world history who was strong enough to say ‘I’m sorry’ and had had a distinctive moral philosophy which he sought to imbibe on his people. The Ashokan inscriptions containing 4614 words was the most studied piece of secular ancient Indian writing. This was tough work as the writing system did not separate words with blank spaces or punctuations. Patrick Olivelle is a Sri Lankan scholar who is currently professor at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of about thirty books on Indology and ancient Sanskrit literature.
Olivelle makes a short analysis of the salient points related to the country, its polity and Ashoka himself. The emperor used the name Piyadasi (Prakrit for priyadarshi, dear to behold) and the honorific Devanampiya (beloved of the gods) to refer to himself on the edicts; the name ‘Ashoka’ was first obtained from later Buddhist hagiographies, but the minor rock edicts in Nittur, Udegolam and Maski in Karnataka mentions the name ‘Ashoka’ (without sorrow) as well as ‘devanampiya’. The pillars on which later edicts were engraved were incredibly well polished. This superb quality of polish achieved for pillars and their capitals is intriguing because it was not repeated later. Ashoka intended the edicts only to preach morality is evident from the fact that one central aspect of the state that is hardly mentioned in Ashoka’s inscriptions is the economy. No mention is made even of revenue officers without whom taxes could not have been collected. Though a Sri Lankan, the author was educated and is working in western academia and appears more loyally inclined to western ideals than a native American or European. Without any corroborative evidence, the author credits Greek influence in moulding Ashoka’s administrative apparatus. He suggests familiarity to Greek customs and education brought on by the entourage of Greek princesses brought as wives of Ashoka’s father and grandfather Chandragupta Maurya as the reason for the expansive and Universalist vision of Ashoka’s moral philosophy.
The book makes an elucidation of the edicts and how it helped to promote literacy and fellow-feeling in the empire of Ashoka. Standardization of language (Ashokan Prakrit) and Brahmi script across most of the empire helped spread literacy across the country. Local dialects were spoken at various provinces and in the case of Karnataka, some form of Dravidian language was spoken, but the inscriptions were in Prakrit except in Afghanistan where Greek and Aramaic were also inscribed. The language, script and literacy gave a strong foundation to the new imagined community that he was trying to build in which he was the father and the people were children. Ashoka was more in contact with neighbours from the Northwest than from the South. He refers to his southern neighbours anonymously using ethnic or geographical names, but in the case of western Hellenistic regions, he refers to the kings by their exact names, suggesting better diplomatic contacts. The fourteen major rock edicts were located close to large towns at the borders of the empire, minor edicts are found at some distance from human habitations like hills or boulders, which were possibly pilgrimage sites. The pillar edicts are placed in the heartland of the empire. The author appears to be such a Hellenophile that whether it is the inscriptional techniques, construction of edict-bearing stone pillars or even the script itself, he credits the Greeks or Persians with it. For the pillars, he even suggests Egypt as a source only because Ashoka had sent a diplomatic mission to Alexandria. It seems like he does not want to ascribe originality of any kind to ancient India.
Ashoka extends great respect to all heterodox sects and to Brahmins in particular. In almost every rock edict, he exhorts others to honour them as a class. This flies in the face of left historians’ portrayal of Brahmins who were claimed to be working against the Buddhist system. Moreover, Ashoka is silent on the four-fold division (chaturvarna). He seems either not to have been aware of it or not to have thought it to be significant. The very term ‘varna’ or any of the names of the three varnas other than Brahmin are completely absent in Ashoka’s vocabulary. Even Brahmins are mentioned in the context of religious organisations and not as a social or demographic group. This contrasts with the author’s antipathy to Brahmins in his statement that ‘displacement of Brahmins from their privileged position within the social and political hierarchy was clearly one of the major consequences of Ashokan reforms’ (p.263). Further, Brahmins are always contrasted not to the other three varnas, but to wandering ascetics or Sramanas (p.57). This observation simply illustrates that the varna system was not internalized by the society. Olivelle suspects that the varna system was fabricated by later Brahmins and it was most likely aspirational and prescriptive, rather than descriptive. Non-Sanskrit inscriptions before the second century CE does not talk about varnas. The book also indicates a weakness of Ashokan dharma that might have contributed to its downfall after the patron’s demise. While Ashoka was downgrading the domestic religious rites, Brahminical texts like Apastamba’s dharmasutra and gruhyasutras which were penned at around this time were encouraging them. It served as an extension of Vedic ritual forms and Brahmin expertise into the realm of popular ceremonial that had previously lain beyond their purview. The book also includes a vitriolic attack by Buddhist monks made against Brahmins in the Anguttara Nikaya comparing them to dogs using filthy metaphors (p.242-3). Obviously, the antagonism existed on the Buddhist side too.
This book takes some effort to understand the personality of Ashoka from his inscriptions since we do not have any other source to do so. Ashoka was a penitent, but not a pacifist. We see traces of his veiled threat to use force in his message to the forest people within his territories. He never forsakes capital punishment but allowed only a reprieve of three days for the convict to reflect on his life and to give gifts as part of dharma. Ashoka never said he became a vegetarian. Pillar edict V states that ‘whereas hundreds of thousands of animals were slaughtered in the royal kitchen, now only three are killed per day’. Obviously, this will be for the king! But the author quotes a phrase ‘Saka parthiva’ of Sanskrit grammarian Patanjali and gives the meaning as ‘vegetarian king’ after slightly modifying it to ‘saka bhoji parthiva’, which is unintended in the original. However, this is absolutely stretching things a bit too far. Saka parthiva can also mean Saka king. In variance to accepted wisdom, Olivelle does not think Ashoka was an avid follower of Buddhism after the ‘initial years of conversion’. He argues that Buddhism was widespread in India even before Ashoka became a lay disciple and began vigorously supporting it. After the early years, his interest shifted to a personalized concept of dharma rather than Buddhist religion itself. He uses it as a non-sectarian religious and moral concept. Ashoka does not mention any of the central doctrinal tenets of Buddhism anywhere in his edicts. The other ideas of ahimsa and doing good to others are to be found in the repertoire of all religious sects. The author then analyses the concept of Ashokan dharma. The word ‘dharma’ was coined by Rig Vedic poets. There are no Indo-European cognates for this term in any language. Upanishads handle this only marginally. Ashoka was in no small measure responsible for dharma assuming the centrality it did in Indian history.
Olivelle does not stop to find whether Ashoka had turned puritan in his prescriptions and pronouncements on dharma. Traces of coercion in Ashoka’s methods to spread his moral philosophy are also to be doubted. Minor Rock Edict I states that before the time Ashoka turned a lay disciple, men in Jambudvipa were unmingled with gods and they were made to mingle with them by Ashoka’s striving (p.45). Within a few years of becoming an upasaka, Ashoka issues a reading list for Buddhist monks and nuns to practice dharma better. In the schism edict, he virtually threatens any monk or nun who causes dissension in the Sangha with banishment. He forbade popular festivals for the merrymaking it entailed and frowned upon even domestic ceremonies as trivial and frivolous.
Part 1 of the book examines Ashoka’s role as a ruler of the land, composer of the moral lessons and builder of the finely polished pillars. Parts 2 and 3 deal with Ashoka as a lay disciple of Buddhism and his maturing to a moral philosopher respectively and Part 4 examines his character as an ecumenist. The author is a scholar of Sanskrit beyond doubt, but readers occasionally have some discomfort on his interpretation of words used in the inscriptions. He possibly misinterprets ‘janapada’ in edicts as rural countryside (p.35) which can also mean a republic. In the section on Mauryan state, he deems ‘rajuka’ officers to be assigned to rural districts. It is debatable whether an ancient kingdom would have rural development in their radar. There can be a possible error in his interpretation of Ashoka’s Lumbini inscription in which he makes the village of Lumbini tax-free and ‘to have a one-eighth portion’. Quoting another author Harry Fawk, the author surmises that this refers to one-eighth portion of Buddha’s remains are to be interred there (p.111). But this may more likely to be a cess on some merchandise in a nearby trading post so as to form an income stream for the village. Having read the entire book, readers are mildly surprised that the author has never considered for a moment the possibility that the entire edicts might be a politician’s hyperbole on how the empire is, and should be, run? Quite plausibly, this can be the ancient equivalent of the grand manifestos put out by political parties during election time in India. The book compiles the essentials of Ashokan dharma which is condensed into: few evil acts, many good deeds, compassion, gift-giving, truthfulness and purity of heart. The emperor was also tolerant. He permitted all religious sects under the overarching title of Pashandas to reside anywhere they chose and to carry out their sermonizing with moderation. He also visited them without discrimination, offered gifts and paid homages.
This book includes a foreword by Ramachandra Guha, the general editor of the ‘Indian Lives’ series, but looks lacklustre considering it is the first step in a supposedly great journey. Olivelle also tries unsuccessfully to project modern social constructs to Ashokan rule. He believes that Ashoka wanted to create ‘a community of people to socially bind them together’ in his empire. This is said to be similar to the idea of civil religion proposed by Rousseau to create unification of communities that form a nation and suggests that Ashoka’s obsession with dharma was a manifestation of this urge. This exemplifies the conclusion that the author is not much aware of how an ancient pagan polity worked in practice. Olivelle’s comparison of Ashoka to the much later Mughal emperor Akbar and India’s first prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru as the reincarnations of Ashoka in their ecumenism (p.274) is simply outrageous as well as ridiculous. This assertion only proves that the author belongs to the clique of historians who enjoyed the run of the place in modern Indian historiography in the post-independence period.
When India became independent in 1947, PM Jawaharlal Nehru selected the Lion Capital of Ashoka to be the country's state emblem. Although featured on currency and stamped on all official government communications today, at the time it was a little-known symbol. Ashoka himself was not at all a popular historical figure. And the capital had only been discovered and excavated about 40 years earlier.
Why did Nehru pick such an obscure symbol from an obscure figure to grace the flag of an independent India?
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Ashoka was probably born around 304 BC and was a member of the Maurya dynasty. His grandfather, king Chandragupta, had fought the Selucids (Greek successor state of Alexander) in modern Pakistan and there is some small chance Ashoka actually had some Greek lineage himself [7]. In 268 BC, Ashoka became king and appears to have rapidly expanded the borders of his empire to include a large portion of the Indian subcontinent [17-18]. His capital at Pataliputra (modern Patna) could have credibly had a population around 500k, perhaps the largest city in the world.
We primarily know about Ashoka today through a series of edicts Ashoka carved into rocks and pillars, most in Prakrit but a few in Greek as well. There are not more than 4,300 words attributed to him total [84]. We have to do a lot of inference when studying Ashoka.
There's a peculiar inscription that shows up after the bloody Kalinga War of 260 BC. Ashoka appears to express remorse for the human cost -- not just his own soldiers, but his enemies. He doesn't regard prosecuting the war as a mistake but he does seem to say "I'm sorry" [26]. By 258 BC, inscriptions imply that Ashoka had converted to Buddhism from Brahmanism (pre-Hinduism), with strong emphasis on the primacy of ahimsa (nonviolence).
Where does our pacifist, Buddhist, vegetarian king Ashoka go from here?
Starting around 257 BC, Ashoka begins to promote not Buddhism, but rather a code of dharma to all his subjects. I think the idea was to take some of the common elements of Vedic religions practiced by his diverse subjects (Brahmanism, Jainism, Buddhism), and distill them in a clear set of precepts [153]: 1. Obedience to the father, mother, and elders 2. Proper respect for companions, friends, and relatives 3. Proper respect for slaves and servants 4. Ahimsa - not killing living beings 5. Giving gifts to ascetics and Brahmins (i.e. the priestly class) [176] Ashoka even created a special dharma police to spread the message and hold his subjects to account -- many of these edicts reference travelling "dharma-mahamatras", "mahamatra" referring to an ordinary sort of imperial bureaucrat of the times.
The whole thing is a strange enterprise: a pacifist, evangelizing, philosopher king. But perhaps we should best see Ashoka as precocious. This is the "civil religion", the neo-Durkheimian synthesis, that was so essential to creating large and cohesive states from diverse people closer to our own time in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries.
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Ashoka did not succeed. If he did the Maurya Empire may have survived longer than 50 years after his death and we probably wouldn't be trying to learn about him from a few dozen prakrit inscriptions.
And yet: Nehru still looked to Ashoka at the foundation of modern India. As a historical example of the tolerant, cosmopolitan state he was looking to build, although Ashoka was obviously not secular. Perhaps it is telling that Nehru couldn't find a more popular historical leader on the subcontinent with a clear policy of tolerance.
From studying India this year I have come to appreciate that what we say about the history of any place reflects its aspirations for the future. Diverging views of India's future between BJP and Congress make it very hard to find the "canonical" history of the subcontinent. Ashoka is clearly important in Congress's India. But in the BJP's India, perhaps Ashoka loses relative status.
Emperor Ashoka was one of the most unusual kings in global history, and Patrick Olivelle's insightful biography "Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King" retraces his life and impact. Ashoka, the most well-known monarch in South Asian history, had an influence that went much beyond his sizable realm. Patrick Olivelle creates a thorough portrait of Ashoka by referencing the art, architecture, and inscriptions left by the king. Before British colonial control, no king reigned over a greater portion of the Indian subcontinent than Ashoka, who ruled in the third century BCE. His goals went beyond merely governing a large territory; instead of using a cult of personality to unite his wildly diverse kingdom, he sought to spread the concept of "dharma." This moral philosophy served as the linchpin of a new order, influencing both his subjects and international relations.
Patrick Olivelle's "Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King" expertly reconstructs Ashoka's multidimensional life, portraying him not just as a monarch but also as a Buddhist, moral philosopher, and ecumenist. Ashoka's great influence spanned India and beyond, prompting various views of his significance across Asia. Olivelle's tale is around Ashoka's pursuit of dharma as a uniting force throughout his large empire, a moral philosophy that transcended geographical boundaries and resonated with rulers and subjects alike, creating an enduring legacy.
"Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King" is a book that balances scholarly rigor and accessibility. Olivelle's language is concise and plain, and he skillfully juxtaposes Ashoka's aims with the larger political and social environment of his day. Footnotes serve as proof, and the book maintains a balance of weight and scope to provide accessibility. Olivelle's technique involves citing other researchers, ensuring that his work is consistent with previous research.
Patrick Olivelle's "Ashoka: Portrait of a Philosopher King" explores the legacy of Ashoka, a ruler who has influenced various interpretations and reimaginings. Drawing from inscriptions, art, and architecture, the book provides a comprehensive view of Ashoka's life and impact, enriched by his expertise in Sanskrit and Indian religions. Olivelle's analysis illuminates the complexity of Ashoka's vision and his lasting influence on history.
Patrick Olivelle's Ashoka is the latest book uncovering the Mauryan King often referred to as the Constantine of the East. While the comparison might be specious, the book is certainly not. Olivelle joins venerated authors like Charles Allen, Romila Thapar, Nayanjyot Lahiri etc who've delved deep into Ashoka- who could be considered a marked departure from the usual Indian Monarchs. Olivelle stands his ground with this well written book using Ashoka's inscriptions and the earliest books written about him (all centuries after his death). He makes sure to point out how some of the commonly held assumptions about the king, come from posthumous hagiographic accounts from Buddhists and might not be totally true.
A big part of this book is Olivelle's thesis of Ashoka's ecumenism, his attempt at creating a sort of civil religion which though inspired by some Buddhist precepts, was by and large secular and promoted harmony. This was a pioneering move, in that, no other monarch till then anywhere in the world had had this impulse and the logistical know how to do so.
Olivelle's accounts of Ashoka's disillusionment after the Kalinga War and him becoming a Buddhist Upasak and his attempts at poetry also make for great reading.
A terrific starter book if you're interested in Ashoka or Early Indian history
Stylistically, I disliked this book - long, ponderous, and somewhat boring. I don't feel like I got much more out of it than a close reading of the Wikipedia page and Perplexity.
Ashoka is generically interesting - warlord with some Greek heritage, he ruled an ancient Indian empire which lasted a very short amount of time (though it ruled the biggest city in the world, with ~500k people). A converted Buddhist, he became obsessed with unifying his empire with a sort of civic religion based on Dharma, a core concept which spanned the major Vedic religions of the time. Treated as a somewhat curious figure even contemporaneously, he was often called the "vegetable king" for his vegetarian diet, and while we know a bit about him, the total amount of his writing was just 4,300 words - to be honest, these inscriptions were my favorite part of the book, the raw text was fun!
He was then revitalized by Nehru the genius creator of modern India in order to provide an appropriate historical grounding for the new nation. Picking the right history is as much about telling a story about the future as it is about accurately reflecting the past, and Ashoka was an alluring symbol of a unified Indian nation.
Overall, I found Ashoka to be an interesting historical figure, but the book was full of more questions than answers. I think it could have been quite a bit smaller, and quite a bit less descriptive. I enjoyed the story, but felt like I didn't take much away.
Long have I wanted to learn more about the ancient history of the Indian subcontinent and the Maurya Empire. This biography of Ashoka, the third King of Maurya, was not the general history of his life I was expecting, but rather an analysis of his philosophical thought and instruction of dharma— precepts for moral living. While Buddhist, Ashoka preached a universality in religion and sought harmony between the various religions and sects within his kingdom. Outside of the religious and philosophical, the book covers that he was in contact with the Greeks, including the Seleucid King Antiochus II, his brutal conquest of Kalinga twelve years into his reign, and that the Indian subcontinent—the island of the rose apple—was a diverse and multicultural area, not a monolithic Indian state. However, this book is mostly an analysis of his moral development through an analysis of the edicts he promulgated throughout his empire on stones and pillars. While not what I expected, this was a fascinating archeological and cultural study. Cool fact: Ashoka was known as the vegetarian king before vegetarianism was widespread in the region.
A good overview of Ashoka - primarily his 'dharma' endeavours and his attempts at building a legacy. The focus of the book is on primary sources (in this case the engraved words of the man himself) and that gives the reader a sense of legitimacy in interpretation. In general, the book didn't seem to take major leaps of logic while inferring ambiguous meanings of text; even when the author has a favourite interpretation, alternative readings are given due mention.
The book would have been much more easy to read and engaging had the author started with at least a brief overview and description of Ashoka's inscriptional corpus scattered across the subcontinent. As it is, the reader is left feeling a sense of ignorance while he refers to inscription abbreviations quite frequently throughout the book. The appendix towards the end doesn't serve much purpose for the lay reader, who by the time he finishes is content with only the narrative and has grown immune to the inscription abbreviations referred to throughout the book.
Dubious quality, poorly edited writing, suspect conclusions. Not a book that needed to be written.
I found many/all of the author's conclusions about Ashoka to be an attempt to force a narrative that the author rather enjoyed but doesn't match up well with more established history.
The writing quality was also cringe, often using slang and a casual tone at random instead of a more consistent tone found in general nonfiction or more academic works. It grated on my nerves and confirmed that this is not a work to take seriously.
I am left with the sense that much of this was misinformation, pushing a specific view of the subject's life.
The photograph references of the edicts were good to have (hence the one additional star) as these are not widely found elsewhere.
This is not a biography of Ashoka because such a thing would be practically impossible to write. It is really a study of the policies and mindset of Ashoka based on the surviving pillar and rock edicts. As such, and written by a very experienced scholar, it is very insightful in its portrayal of Ashoka as a Buddhist king who comes to seek a more ecumenical approach to governing his state. It has its problems though, as the author sometimes has to speculate on what exactly Ashoka was thinking or meant by certain phrases in the inscriptions. I read this with a scholar of Buddhism who helped me see some of the deficiencies in the interpretations, but I was still impressed with how much the author had to say based on a fairly limited, and somewhat repetitive, corpus of materials to work with.
A very carefully written work of serious scholarship which turns out to be rather dull. The story of Ashoka is unusual for a 3rd century BC figure in that he actually left a written record, etched in stone. Unfortunately it still isn't much, and Olivelle sticks to it very closely. Many less reliable but far more entertaining and enlightening legends exist about Ashoka, but the "official" record is what Olivelle is working with here. If you are already familiar with the legends, this volume is very grounding, but it probably isn't the best introduction to one of the most remarkable figures of the ancient world.
This is my third book on Ashoka after reading Charles Allen and Romila Thapar. Again, an interesting read. Trying to understand the monarch as a person with his own convictions and understanding his inscriptions by guessed and logical reconstruction of the huge diversity with social, religious, political, and economic conditions; requirements, compulsions in maintaining and managing the kingdom. An informative book for people who look for historical read and have curiosity about past and present.
As a certified Ashokafan I have to say this book was tough to get through. The author's style is dull and tangled to me. Often I would have to reread a paragraph several times only to realize it contained no new information or insight. It was still worth reading because it proposed interesting theories about Ashoka — not all of which are believable to me, but I'm grateful for the inspiration to try and imagine the life and mindset of a long-dead man who is very precious to me. But those unique and interesting thoughts were spread thinly amid twisted fields of redundance.
While I had heard of Ashoka's edicts and his life, I had never actually read the actual edicts themselves. This book does a great job of printing (with a little context) all the edicts together (in the last section of the book). The previous chapters of the book seem to be from academic papers about different aspects that can be surmised from the little writing we have in the form of the edicts.
A somewhat unique historical biography, because it's largely based on the writings of Ashoka; and not on the legends and stories (none of which were written in his own time). I enjoyed the analytical approach and the separation of the myth from the verifiable facts.
A concise history that summarizes the state-of-the-art in understanding this enigmatic figure from over 2000 years ago, the symbols of whose reign grace the Indian flag and currency, and whom Nehru, India's first Prime Minister, sought to emulate.
An excellent addition to the small but growing ranks of modern and analytical histories of India.
Masterclass book !!! love history related books when they try to write based on evidences they have in hand.. and the author stuck to the 4000+ words & pillars Ashoka made… excellent book, must read!!