In terms of content, this book is almost similar to "Power: Why Some People Have it & Others Don't" by Pfeffer. Nonetheless, it is a much more exciting read than the latter.
This is the 3rd book I have read by Pfeffer. He is to Leadership what Peter Drucker is to management - incisive, contrarian & relaying his messages with surgical precision. One would find his advice to be amoral although he issues a reservation at the outset by stating that people have to combat the "just world hypothesis".
Robert Greene's books advocate the same approach to navigating life.
Key insights:
• Systematic empirical research confirms what these two contrasting stories, as well as common sense and everyday experience, suggest: being politically savvy and seeking power are related to career success and even to managerial performance.
• For instance, one study investigated the primary motivations of managers and their professional success. One group of managers were primarily motivated by a need for affiliation— they were more interested in being liked than getting things done.
• A second group were primarily motivated by a need for achievement—goal attainment for themselves.
• And a third group were primarily interested in power. The evidence showed that this third group, the managers primarily interested in power, were the most effective, not only in achieving positions of influence inside companies but also in accomplishing their jobs.
• 3 Benefits of having power –
o long & healthy life, Having power leads to a longer and healthier life; people want control over their work environment. Studies have shown that the degree of job control i.e. decision-making authority, discretion to use one’s own skills predicted the risk of contracting coronary artery disease in the next 5 years or so
o power, visibility & stature (eg. Bill Clinton after the scandal earned money from speaking fees)
o having power is a part of leadership to get things done
• 3 obstacles to acquiring power – 2 relate to the “just world effect”, the 3rd is yourself
• Obstacle 1 - Stop thinking that the world is a just place; combat the just world hypothesis i.e. people get what they deserve; good people are likely to be rewarded & bad people are likely to be punished
• Obstacle 2 – beware of the leadership literature – most of the books are filled with prescriptions i.e. being truthful, follow an inner compass. There are 3 problems with such books – people like Jack Welch who write inspirational articles are weaving their own reality, such autobiographies or third-party books reinforce the positive traits & conveniently leave out the negative attributes. 2nd – those in power get to write history, 3rd- if people know that some1 at the company is successful, they will automatically attribute all kinds of positive traits (just world effect)
• Obstacle 3 – Yourself! Get over yourself, your self image
• Your job performance does not matter, so long as you keep your bosses happy
• David Schoorman had conducted a research study – employees were categorized by their supervisors involvement in the hiring process:
o Bucket 1 – managers “inherited” the employees
o Bucket 2 – managers initially did not support the employees, but was over-ruled by other managers whilst hiring the employee
o Bucket 3 – managers who actively participated in hiring the employee
• Result – the initial positive or negative impression colours the subsequent performance appraisals. Thus, job performance matters less as compared to your maanger’s commitment to and relationship with you
• Outstanding job performance does not guarantee performance, it might even hurt you eg. manager will be unwilling to let you move to another department
• Get noticed – mere exposure effect; reach out to higher ups, build visibility
• Define the dimension of performance – no one can perform successfully on all measures; hence define the same
• Remember what matters to your boss – ask those in power what they think is most crucial, & how they see what you ought to be doing
• Make others feel better about themselves – The lesson: worry about the relationship you have with your boss at least as much as you worry about your job performance. If your boss makes a mistake, see if someone else other than you will point it out. And if you do highlight some error or problem, do so in a way that does not in any way implicate the individual’s own self-concept or competence—for instance, by blaming the error on others or on the situation. The last thing you want to do is be known as someone who makes your boss insecure or have a difficult relationship with those in power; use flattery
• 7 qualities that build power – Divided based on 2 fundamental dimensions
o Will – ambition, energy (its contagious, advantageous in getting things done, signals organizational commitment) and focus
o Skill – self-knowledge (reading, structured reflection) & a reflective mindset, confidence & ability to project self-assurance, ability to read others & empathize with their point of view, capacity to tolerate conflict
• Where you start your career determines the subsequent growth trajectory
• Whiz Kids & Ford – Departmental power – arises due to Unit Cohesion, ability to provided critical resources such as money, skill
• How to diagnose departmental power – Relative Pay, Physical Location & Facilities, positions on committees & in senior management
• Dilemma – if you join a powerful department, there might be a lot of competition, since others would have joined it too
• Keith Ferrazzi – insisted on meeting the big guys before accepting job offer at McKinsey/ Deloitte
• Machiavelli mentioned 500 years ago in his book The Prince – although it is desirable to be both loved & feared, but if you have only 1 option, then pick fear. Note – nice people are perceived as warm, but as less intelligent
• Attitude follows behavior – if we act in a certain way over time, our attitudes follow. If we act friendly toward an enemy, over time we will come to like him. Explanation is the theory of cognitive dissonance which suggests that we re-adjust our attitude of initial dislike
• Creating resources – Power & resources beget more power & resources. Resources are great because once you have them, maintaining power becomes a self-reinforcing process. CEOs of larger companies with more resources can afford to hire high-priced compensation consultants who, big surprise, recommend pay policies that favor the CEOs who hired them. People with money or with control over organizational money get appointed to various for-profit and nonprofit boards where they are in contact with others who have business and investment ideas and social and political influence.
• 2 implications of resources as a source of power –
o Preferring line positions to staff positions
o Power comes in large measure from the position & resources you hold
• Network a lot – strength of weak ties & the weakness of strong ties
• a large network of weak ties is good for innovation and locating information, while a small network of strong ties is better suited to exploiting existing knowledge and transferring tacit skills.
• Leadership is like pretending, to be skilled in theatrical arts. Andy Grove used to send shy managers to “wolf school”. When you start acting with power, it becomes less like an act, it becomes contagious to others, self-reinforcing (thus creating a feedback loop)
• Display anger rather than sadness/ guilt
• Use persuasive language, contest the premises of the discussion
• Use “us v/s them” references, use contrast i.e. do you want this or that, avoid using script or notes, use pause for emphasis, use humour,
• Create & maintain a Reputation – perception is reality. If you think you have an image problem, find another job; no use in trying to change other people’s minds. Also, don’t try to create a reputation with only 1 person; try different environments (consistent with the networking advice)
• John browne – CEO of BP
• Write articles since they help refine your thinking
• Those who speak on your behalf also have their statements judged as more credible than when you make the same claims yourself. And the very fact that you were able to get, for instance, a reputable public relations firm or a great agent to work for you signals your capability and adds luster to your reputation. The advice from this research and the observations that stimulated it: don’t be cheap—hire people to represent and tout you. It can work to your advantage in several ways.
• Cost of visibility – companies then seldom tend to innovate which may explain Clayton Christensen’s Innovator’s Dilemma