As someone who grew up in the reformed tradition, the terms, “covenant”, “covenant of grace”, and “means of grace (sacraments)” are thrown around quite liberally without explanation. In this introductory work, Dr. McGraw does a good job of explaining the basic terms and their functions, then goes on to explain how to apply covenant theology to the workings of the church and other theological categories.
My broadest summary would be:
For the sake of clarity and categorizing God’s actions, covenant theology identifies three covenants explained throughout scripture. The eternal covenant between the Trinity (covenant of redemption), the original covenant with Adam (covenant of works), and the salvific plan through history (covenant of grace). These are broad terms which you can sort pretty much everything in the Bible into. If it sounds confusing, that’s why an introductory book can be clarifying and helpful. If it strikes you as abstract or unnecessary, I would ask how one is supposed to work out the relationship between the old and new testaments?
If you are getting lost throughout the main section of the book, just hold out until the frequently asked questions chapter at the end, which, to be honest, was the most profitable section by far for me.
An unnecessary addition (meaning this is personal and not really pertaining to the book) from me would be a slight frustration with the reformed tendency to use ambiguous language when talking about the sacraments. What I’ve noticed growing up in an evangelical reformed church is an unwillingness to define what the purposes are of the sacraments in a **practical** sense. It seems Reformed scholastics are unwilling to say that the sacraments are “just symbols”, but they are also unwilling to say that they are “effectual means of salvation” because as the Bible clearly teaches, salvation is by faith alone. By denying both of these clauses, you are sort of left scratching your head: “so the sacraments aren’t just symbols, but they also don’t work towards our salvation?”. The resulting language remains ambiguous and mysterious.
Some examples from the book are:
“Obedience is not a condition of the covenant because we receive Christ by faith and not by works. Yet the Holy Spirit produces other **saving graces** in us through union with Christ” (p. 106).
“[covenant children] are heirs of **the promises**, not heirs of regeneration and union with Christ” (p. 120)”
“Baptism initiates church membership and **urges** Christian faith and life, while the Lords Supper **nourishes active faith** in those of age, though we can’t set an appropriate age at which children publicly profess faith in obedience to Christ” (p. 121).
And lastly:
“Sacraments and church membership are not grounds or substitutes for salvation in Christ, but covenant promises and signs are **vehicles to daw us to the father**, through the Son, by the Spirit. While we should never replace Christ with the Church or the sacraments, we should expect to **meet Christ** under the means of grace and in fellowship with the church” (p. 123)
With all this said, I’m totally okay with just saying “they aren’t salvific, but they actually have a positive effect towards our sanctification in some mysterious sense”. Perhaps this is the actual position of reformed thinkers, but I haven’t encountered it. I’m okay with mystery, and holding to what the Bible teaches, which is why I am a paedobaptist, and I believe baptism actually does something, I just don’t mind leaning into mystery which historically is not a reformed trait.
Hopefully this critique has been legible, and honestly, I could be totally mistaken and would love some clarification on this.
This book was helpful, and I would recommend it to all Christian’s who want to understand God’s actions in eternity and through human history.