This book is a series of vignettes of English history that are interesting and easily digested.
I learned that the black death of 1348 and subsequent pandemics the bubonic plagues wiped out half of the English population. One result was that land became cheaper, wages rose and there was a new scramble for economic gain.
Richard II came into power and in his 22 years of reign parliament met only six times. He made peace with France ending the hundred years war and lived off his own estates so there was little need for taxes. The citizenry appreciated this as whenever Parliament met soon the taxman would be roaming the countryside to raise money for whatever Parliament had decided to do.
In 6th grade I was in a play “Dick Whittington And His Cat” which was the height of my theatrical career. Now I know what the story was based on. In the play Whittington was a poor man who came to London, was accused of stealing a necklace and fled to the Barbary Coast where his cat rid of the palace of rats and he was on rewarded with enormous pots of gold. He returned to London to be mayor three times. Except for the cat much of the story is true. Whittington was a third son and was to inherit nothing. He went to London and worked in a shop that sold cloth, some of it from the Barbary Coast and some of it going to the royal family. He eventually got into banking and became the largest banker in London lending large storms to the king. He did once lose a royal necklace that he had taken as collateral and had to replace it. He died without children and distributed his vast fortune throughout London. He did not have a cat that anyone knows of. There were many stories already in Persia and Egypt of cats that let their masters to fortune in the story probably migrated into the Whittington story.
The battle of Agincourt 1415. King Henry V had 6000 men many suffering from dysentery facing 20,000 Frenchman. 80% of the Englishman were archers with long bows, It rained the night before and the field was muddy slowing the French cavalry. After the battle the white feathers of the English arrows sticking in the ground in horses and men was said to look like snow. The English lost 200 soldiers the French 7000. The English captured several hundred French noblemen but had not disarmed them. During a counter attack Henry felt they were a threat and had them killed. The French remember this to this day.
Henry V. On the king's death Tudor married his widow, Catherine of Valois
After Henry V died in 1422 Queen Catherine of Valois married a Welshman, Theodore. As was the custom among the Welch he had no last name. He was probably her wardrobe attendant. It is reported that she saw him bathing in the Thames, liked what she saw and married him. As he had no last name, Theodore became Tudor. Katherine bore him 2 sons. He was later killed. But the house of Tudor had begun.
In the 30 odd years of the War of the Roses there were actually only 18 weeks of fighting and very few roses on the banners of the battlefields. This terminology was a later invention. Wars at that time in England did not end up with the burning of villages and decimation of populations. There was a battle some people were killed and then everyone went home back to their farming. It was actually a prosperous time in the late 1500s.
There is evidence in letters discovered in archives in Spain that fisherman from Bristol “discovered“ the New World prior to Christopher Columbus though probably after the Vikings, but did not make it known as they were there for the cod and didn’t want to let other people know of these rich fishing grounds. They were not interested in the land they had found but just in the cod in the fertile fishing area off of New England and Nova Scotia
John Cabot was actually Juan from Genoa (as was Christopher Columbus.) He asked the king in the 1490s to finance a trip of discovery westward and though the king would not finance it he did promise John that he would not have to pay taxes on any good he brought back. In 1497 Cabot took a crew of 15 and a sailing fishing boat and headed westward. They landed in Nova Scotia did not go inland but instead fished for cod. They did not need to use nets but could simply drop down a basket and pull it up full of fish.
In the 1520’s William Tyndale translated the Bible into English. Had command of eight languages. He coined many expressions that live on to this day: The salt of the earth, signs of the times, powers that be, bald as a coot, eat drink and be merry, I am my brother’s keeper, fight the good fight, blessed are the meek for they shall inherit the earth. When he couldn’t find the right word, he invented it: scapegoat and brokenhearted. He came up with “In the beginning there was the Word and the Word was with God. He had claimed that the Bible did not allow Henry the eighth to divorce Catherine of Aragon. That was his death sentence. Henry VIII agents arrested him in Antwerp and he was burned at the stake as a heretic in 1535.
In the early 16th century the church was by far the largest and landowner in England there was 7000 priests and monks in England and Thomas Cromwell got the idea that since the church wasn’t perfect why should they be holding all of this land. Investigators were sent out to examine all the monasteries and parishes and discovered or invented sins in every corner. Cromwell’s inquisitors established the evidence for the biggest land grab in English history. Starting in 1536 the smaller monasteries were closed. This was done not without some resistance as these monasteries represented the social security system of the countryside. 40,000 protesters rose up in northern England. Henry the eighth unable to raise an army in time made peace with the rebels and agreed to some of their demands. However, the next year his army and wreaked havoc in the villages of Cumberland. He hung villagers and priests and took over church and monastery lands. He used these lands to pay off the nobleman who supported him.
Henry VIII was a rather despicable person but a great king. He tore off the Catholic stranglehold on England, the laws of England were strengthened as was the English treasury by the selling of monastic lands. And he did all this without an army.
His daughter the daughter of Queen Mary was a Catholic and reinstated the catholic legislation including the burning of heretics. Burning of heretics was actually quite popular prior to the reformation in that people felt that it made them holier to reduce dissidents to ashes. As soon as Mary became queen the Catholic rituals began again and the burnings began again. In the four years since it began 200 men and 50 women were burned at the stake and once eager people soon turned against it.
Families would sometimes bribe the executioners to tie a bag of gun powder around the condemned person’s neck as to quicken their death.
Mary’s reign turned England fiercely against the Catholic Church and to this day it is illegal for English royalty to be Catholic or marry a Catholic. The Troubles in northern Ireland can be traced back to this period.
In 1587 Robert Recorde, a Welsh physician and mathematician, having already introduced the pre-existing plus sign (+) to English speakers in 1557, invented the equals sign (=) which saved a great amount of time from writing out each time “is equal to”.
During the reign of Queen Elizabeth in order to support the fishing trade it became compulsory to eat fish on Wednesdays and Saturdays.
Sir Francis Drake and the Spanish Armada. The British and Spanish ships were about the same size, however, the British ships were sleek and maneuverable for piracy in coastal waters, and the Spanish ships were more rounded for caring gold across the Atlantic. Furthermore, the British ships carried twice the cannons of the Spanish in large part because of Henry the eighth who took an interest in canons and made a lot of cannons out of the copper and tin that he removed from the bells of the monasteries he closed. During the battle Francis Drake nearly scuttled the plans as he took off to capture a single disable Spanish vessel for himself breaking formation with the other British ships. The British ships harried the Spanish northward and eventually forced them out of the north end of the channel.
In 1596, a flush toilet was invented and built for Britain's Queen Elizabeth I by her Godson, Sir John Harrington.
The Puritans who landed on Plymouth Rock from the town of Scooby in England. The inventory of their clothes upon their deaths included green and red and pants and shirts and not the somber black in which we to pick them today in fact buckles on their boots were not invent it until years later.
There are more streets in England named after Cromwell than any other person except queen Victoria. He raised a parliamentary army against King Charles first and in 132 battles had no losses. Edward the first had expelled the Jews from England. When Oliver Cromwell headed up the protectorate after murder of Charles II, he held that people should be able to believe whatever they wanted as long as they obeyed the law. This inspired a rabbi in the Netherlands to come and talk with Cromwell about having Jews come back to England. In 1656 Jews begin to worship openly in a synagogue in London. Eventually they were 30 or 40 families mostly of Portuguese origin dealing mostly in gem stones living in London
Sir Isaac Newton: Newton had an unhappy childhood. His mom gave him up when she married a man who had no time for children. An uncle took him in and provided him with schooling. He recounts the time when an apple fell from a tree and he wondered why it always felt in a straight line down and never up. It was 20 years later that he developed the theory of gravity. In the meantime, while at Oxford he put a prism in front of a small hole in the shutter in his room and looked at the rainbow of colors on the opposite wall. The belief was that the prism somehow colored the light. However, Newton put a second prison in front of the first and the light did not get darker but returned to clear. He therefore deduced that the prism broke the light apart and then put it back together.
Halley of Halley’s comet asked Newton how the planets moved and Newton replied that they moved in ellipses and that he had already worked out all the math and that he wourl write it down for him. Newton wrote his legendary book Principia Mathematica. Newton was not a very sociable person and in fact often gave lectures to empty rooms because the students couldn’t understand him. It was Haley who promoted his work and had Principia published.
Newton spent much of his time working on alchemy and biblical prophecy. The word scientific and physics were not invented in his time.