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463 pages, Kindle Edition
Published November 15, 2023




To anyone familiar with India’s Brahminical caste structure and the concept of samsara, ‘cyclic change’, the parallel are striking, as the Celtic division of society into three tiers of priests, warriors and workers.On the belief in reincarnation, Julius Caesar wrote
…all Proto-Indo-European societies had at one time shared a common tripartite ideology reflected in their three classes that together fulfilled the three functions of the sacred, the martial and the economic. The first maintained cosmic order, the second maintained physical control and the third maintained their physical well-being.
‘The lasting gift bequeathed by Aryans to the conquered peoples was neither a higher material culture nor a superior physique, but … a more excellent language and the mentality it generated.’
Also highly valued by both Aryas and Ariyas was the dog, and with good reason, since it was a major asset to pastoralists. In the Rig Veda, when the God Indra has some cattle stolen, it is the bitch Sarama, the ‘fast one’, who helps recover them (Bibek Debroy’s book). Sarama goes on to lead humankind to the milk of the cow, and she subsequently becomes the mother of all dogs, including a pair of four-eyed dogs who serve as messengers of Yama, the god of death. Echoes of Sarama can be found in the many-headed hound Cerberus, guardian of Hades in Greek myth and the Welsh hound Dormarch, who assists his master Gwyn ap Nudd in gathering the souls of fallen warriors and escorting them to the Welsh underworld.
Gauls … wish to inculcate this as one of their leading tenets, that souls do not become extinct, but pass after death from one body to another, and they think that men by this tenet are in a great degree excited to valour, the fear of death being disregarded. They likewise discuss and impart to the youth many things respecting the stars and their motion, respecting the extent of the world and of our earth, respecting the nature of things, respecting the power and the majesty of the immortal gods.A fairly unbiased account, with prolific illustrations and references narrated in a chatty non-academic style.