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Aryans: The Search for a People, a Place and a Myth

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Few themes in history have had as strong a hold on people's imagination. Fewer still have managed to alter the course of civilization.

This is Charles Allen's definitive account of the Aryans, offering a grand sweep of language, mythology, contested histories and conflict. Spanning continents, cultures and from the Russian steppe to the Indus valley, the Iliad to the Mahabharata, Greek to Sanskrit, Putin to Trump, and Müller to Vivekananda, Aryans astonishes with its scope. Allen, true to a style that has endeared him to a legion of admirers, weaves a narrative that is startling and illuminating.

Product of a great investigation and meticulous scholarship, , Allen's last book, is his crowning achievement and marks the end of an illustrious career.



'PRAISE FOR COROMANDEL
'Coromandel is lively and its stories well chosen.' – The Economist
'An engaging and meaningful account of a very long and complex history.' – Times Literary Supplement
'[Makes] history interesting by combining natural storytelling vim with a magpie-sharp eye for shiny detail.'– India Today

PRAISE FOR ASHOKA
'Like an explorer in a jungle, stripping away the foliage from a long-forgotten city, Charles Allen brings to light the most extraordinary ruler in Indian history.'– Tom Holland, author of Rubicon
'A labour of love and notable scholarship, Charles Allen's Ashoka is a fitting testament to a forgotten epic of discovery. . . All who relish India's antiquity should read this book.' – John Keay, author of Midnight's Descendants
'Read this and you will see how absorbing history can be.'– Lord Meghnad Desai, author of Rediscovery of India

463 pages, Kindle Edition

Published November 15, 2023

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About the author

Charles Allen

88 books111 followers
Charles Allen is a British writer and historian. He was born in India, where several generations of his family served under the British Raj. His work focuses on India and South Asia in general. Allen's most notable work is Kipling Sahib, a biography of Rudyard Kipling. His most recent work, Ashoka: the Search for India's Lost Emperor, was published in February 2012.

Selected works:

Plain Tales from the Raj: Images of British India in the Twentieth Century (1975)
Raj: A Scrapbook of British India 1877–1947 (1977)
Tales from the Dark Continent: Images of British Colonial Africa in the Twentieth Century (1979)
A Mountain in Tibet: The Search for Mount Kailas and the Sources of the Great Rivers of India (1982)
Tales from the South China Seas: Images of the British in South-East Asia in the Twentieth Century (1983)
Lives of the Indian Princes, with co-author Sharada Dwivedi (1984)
Kipling's Kingdom: His Best Indian Stories (1987)
A Glimpse of the Burning Plain: Leaves from the Journals of Charlotte Canning (1986)
A Soldier of the Company: Life of an Indian Ensign 1833–43 (1988)
Architecture of the British Empire, Ed. R. Fermor-Hesketh (1989)
The Savage Wars of Peace: Soldiers' Voices 1945–1989 (1990)
Thunder and Lightning: The RAF in the Gulf War (1991)
The Search for Shangri-La: A Journey into Tibetan History (1999)
India Through the Lens: Photography 1840–1911, Ed. Vidya Dehejia (2000)
Soldier Sahibs: The Men who Made the North-west Frontier (2000)
The Buddha and the Sahibs: The Men who Discovered India's Lost Religion (2002)
Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa (2004)
Maharajas: Resonance from the Past (2005)
God's Terrorists: The Wahhabi Cult and the Hidden Roots of Modern Jihad (2006)
Kipling Sahib: India and the Making of Rudyard Kipling (2007)
The Buddha and Dr Führer: An Archaeological Scandal (2008)
The Taj at Apollo Bunder: The History of the Taj Mahal Palace, Mumbai, with co-author Sharada Dwivedi (2011)
Ashoka: The Search for India's Lost Emperor (2012)

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Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews
Profile Image for Divya Pal.
601 reviews3 followers
December 10, 2023
Various dimensions of the Out of India and Aryan Invasion Theories are discussed threadbare. The arguments range from the evolution of Adolf Hitler’s ideology and the formation of Nazi Germany to the present political dispensation in India.
His contentions are based on archaeological, biological (the evolution of the horse, use of bovines, the soma plant), philological (evolution of language and common nuances across languages), sociological (caste system), semiotics (evolution of the swastik/hakenkreuz and sonnenrad), religion and genetic findings (mutation to develop the lactase producing gene, thus enabling the adult population to consume cow-milk without suffering ill-effects, the crucial link amongst descendents of Aryans – the Y-chromosome R1a1 gene).
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The bizarre racist theories of Comte de Gobineau, Friedrich Schlegel, de Lapouge, Gustaf Kossinna, Guido von List, Houston Chamberlain etc are deliberated on. The author also dwells on the controversial works of Max Müller, Dayanand Saraswati, Vivekanand and the RSS stalwarts and the composer Richard Wagner.
Here are some extracts
To anyone familiar with India’s Brahminical caste structure and the concept of samsara, ‘cyclic change’, the parallel are striking, as the Celtic division of society into three tiers of priests, warriors and workers.

…all Proto-Indo-European societies had at one time shared a common tripartite ideology reflected in their three classes that together fulfilled the three functions of the sacred, the martial and the economic. The first maintained cosmic order, the second maintained physical control and the third maintained their physical well-being.

‘The lasting gift bequeathed by Aryans to the conquered peoples was neither a higher material culture nor a superior physique, but … a more excellent language and the mentality it generated.’

Also highly valued by both Aryas and Ariyas was the dog, and with good reason, since it was a major asset to pastoralists. In the
Rig Veda, when the God Indra has some cattle stolen, it is the bitch Sarama, the ‘fast one’, who helps recover them (Bibek Debroy’s book). Sarama goes on to lead humankind to the milk of the cow, and she subsequently becomes the mother of all dogs, including a pair of four-eyed dogs who serve as messengers of Yama, the god of death. Echoes of Sarama can be found in the many-headed hound Cerberus, guardian of Hades in Greek myth and the Welsh hound Dormarch, who assists his master Gwyn ap Nudd in gathering the souls of fallen warriors and escorting them to the Welsh underworld.
On the belief in reincarnation, Julius Caesar wrote
Gauls … wish to inculcate this as one of their leading tenets, that souls do not become extinct, but pass after death from one body to another, and they think that men by this tenet are in a great degree excited to valour, the fear of death being disregarded. They likewise discuss and impart to the youth many things respecting the stars and their motion, respecting the extent of the world and of our earth, respecting the nature of things, respecting the power and the majesty of the immortal gods.
A fairly unbiased account, with prolific illustrations and references narrated in a chatty non-academic style.
Profile Image for Arindam  Chatterjee.
39 reviews1 follower
November 18, 2023
First thing first, Charles is one my favorite author..i have read few of his books and throughly enjoyed. This book is perhaps his biggest attempt and we all know that how controversial this subject is. One group of scholars says Aryans came from outside of India, another group say they went to outside from India. What conclusions did he arrived? Before that, he discussed the widespread usage of the word Aryan and it's most popular symbol, swastika. He discussed the white supremacy angle of this i.e Nazis. But the counter narrative given by Indian scholars are always termed as "Hindutwa" followers. This you need to ponder, nothing is proven, eventhough he empathize in this book that aryans came to India from outside, at the end he himself tells that, this book is not a conclusive proof of that theory, which is fine, we know how hard this is to prove this Aryan theory. But the problem is he won't term the theories given by European scholars as white supremacy angle, why? They tried to use all the proof? So did Indian scholars. Scholers can have and always had different opinions, but you can't just term opposite group a narrow minded Hindutwa followers and others epitome of honesty. We do know how good westerners are creating false narrative. This is the greatest problem of this book and frankly I did not expect this from Charles.
Still, why 4 stars? Because like his other books, in this book also you can see how much labor his had given, meticulously finding facts and try to explain it. You might not have always agree with him, but that does not make this work any less. So this is a must read book.
Rest In Peace Charles, we will miss you.
Profile Image for Anshuman Swain.
261 reviews9 followers
February 9, 2024
A wonderful book about the broader history of who the 'Aryans' really were. The book is very well researched and presents its thesis quite well.

Although the initial chapters meander a lot more than the later ones, they provide a basic idea of the historical circumstances in which all the theories of the origin of the 'Indo-European' and 'Indo-Aryan' language speaking people.
Profile Image for Santanu.
1 review
June 24, 2024
আজ থেকে প্রায় তের হাজার বছর আগে পণ্টিক কাস্পিয়ান অঞ্চলে একটা ব‍্যাপক জলবায়ু এবং ভূপ্রকৃতিগত পরিবর্তন ঘটে। শেষ হিমযুগের অন্তিম পর্যায়ে জমাট হিমবাহগুলি দ্রুতহারে গলতে শুরু করে এবং ব্ল‍্যাক সী এবং কাস্পিয়ান সীর উত্তর এবং দক্ষিণের একটা বিস্তীর্ন এলাকাজুড়ে বারংবার ভয়াবহ বন‍্যাপরিস্হিতির সৃষ্টি হয় গবেষকরা যার নাম দিয়েছেন Khvalynean inundation।

বাতাসে আর্দ্রতার পরিমাণও বাড়তে থাকায় উত্তরে উরাল পর্বত, দক্ষিণে ককেশাস পর্বতমালা, পশ্চিমে দানিয়ুব এবং পূর্বে উরাল নদী - এরমাঝে তিন হাজার মাইল দীর্ঘ একটা বিরাট অঞ্চলে তৃণভূমির সৃষ্টি হয়। শীতকালে এই তৃণভূমি এলাকা পুরু বরফের আস্তরণে ঢেকে যেত। জলবায়ুর নাটকীয় পরিবর্তনের ফলে জীবজগতের বহু প্রজাতি এই সময়ে বিলুপ্ত হয়ে গেলেও Equus ferus caballus নামের ঘোড়ার প্রজাতিটি এই বিস্তীর্ন অঞ্চলে টিকে গিয়েছিল। তার মোটা কেশর তাকে উত্তরের তুন্দ্রার চরম শীতের কামড় থেকে রক্ষা করত। আর ক্ষিদে পেলে ধারালো খুরের সাহায‍্যে বরফের চাদর খুঁড়ে সবুজ ঘাস খেতেও অসুবিধা ছিল না।

স্তেপে অঞ্চলের লোকেরা একটা সময় এই বন‍্য ঘোড়াদের পোষ মানিয়ে ফেলে এবং সেই সাথে স্তেপের সমাজ-সংস্কৃতিতে একটা বৈপ্লবিক পরিবর্তন ঘটে। ঘোড়াকে পোষ মানানোর সাথে সাথে ঘোড়ার মাংস এবং দুধ স্তেপে অঞ্চলের প্রধান খাদ‍্য পানীয় হয়ে ওঠে। পরিবর্তিত খাদ‍্যাভ‍্যাসের জন‍্য স্তেপের বাসিন্দাদের গড় আয়ু বেড়ে যায়। তারা অন‍্যান‍্য ভৌগোলিক অঞ্চলের অধিবাসীদের থেকে অনেক বেশী লম্বা এবং শারীরিক ভাবে বলশালী হয়ে ওঠে।

সুগঠিত শরীর স্বাস্হ‍্যের অধিকারী এই পশুপালক-শিকারী যাযাবরগোষ্ঠীগুলি স্তেপে অঞ্চলে একটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতি গড়ে তোলে। মৃত‍্যুর পর তারা মৃতদেহটিকে সযত্নে লাল মেটে রংএর কাপড়ে জড়িয়ে সংকীর্ন একটি কবরে চিৎ করে শুইয়ে রাখত। হাঁটু মুড়িয়ে উপরের দিকে ওঠানো থাকত। ইউক্রেনীয় ভাষায় এই কবরকে বলা হয় Yama; রাশিয়ান প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ ভাসিলি গোরোৎসভ প্রথম পন্টিক-কাস্পিয়ান স্তেপে অঞ্চলের এই সংস্কৃতির নাম দেন Yamnaya বা Pit-grave culture। এখানে বৈদিক মৃত‍্যুর দেবতা যম এবং ইউক্রেনীয় Yama-এর সাদৃশ‍্যটি চোখে পড়ার মতন।

সাড়ে পাঁচ হাজার বছর আগে Yamnaya প্রোটো-ইন্দোইউরোপীয়ানরা প্রথম বার পশ্চিমে হানা দেয় এবং দানিয়ুব নদী অবধি চলে আসে। এরপর খ্রীঃপূঃ ২৭০০ সাল নাগাদ তারা দানিয়ুব করিডোর বরাবর এসে আজকের রোমানিয়া, বুলগেরিয়া, হাঙ্গেরী ও বল্কান অঞ্চলে বসবাস শুরু করে। আরো চারশো বছর বাদে প্রোটো-ইন্দোইউরোপীয়দের একটি বড় ঢেউ গোটা ইউরোপ জুড়ে ছড়িয়ে যায় এবং কেল্টিক, জার্মানিক, ইটালিকের মতন বিভিন্ন ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাগোষ্ঠীগুলির উৎপত্তি ঘটে। Yamnaya দের আরো একটি দল নীপার নদীর উত্তর পাড় বরাবর এগিয়ে গিয়ে বাল্টিক অঞ্চলে প্রবেশ করে এবং বাল্টিক, স্লাভিক ভাষাগুলির জন্ম দেয়।

এই সময় কাস্পিয়ানের উত্তরে Andronovo নামের আরেকটি স্বতন্ত্র সংস্কৃতির উৎপত্তি হয়। Andronovo থেকেই পরবর্তীকালে প্রোটো-ইন্দোইউরোপীয়দের দক্ষিণ শাখাটির উৎপত্তি। ১৮০০ খ্রীঃপূঃ নাগাদ হিটাইটরা ইন্দো-ইরাণীয়দের থেকে বিচ্ছিন্ন হয়ে আনাতোলিয়া, মেসোপটেমিয়া এবং ইজিপ্টের দিকে চলে যায়। অপর শাখাটি চলে আসে দক্ষিণপূর্বে ইরাণীয় মালভূমির দিকে।

ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয়দের এই পশ্চিম, উত্তর ইউরোপ এবং দক্ষিণে পরিযানের তত্ত্বটির উপস্হাপিকা মারিয়া গিমবাতাস (Marija Gimbutas) নামের এক ক্ষণজন্মা লিথুয়ানিয়ান প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ যাঁর তত্ত্বটি বিখ‍্যাত হয়েছে The Kurgan Hypothesis নামে। মারিয়া গিমবাতাস একটি অদ্ভুত কথা বলে ছিলেন। তাঁর মতে, প্রোটো-ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয়দের ইউরোপে আসার আগে Old Europe মাতৃকাশক্তির উপাসনা করত। The Language of the Goddess, The Civilization of the Goddess নামের বেশ কয়েকটি বইতে মারিয়া বলেছেন পুরাতন ইউরোপে মানুষে মানুষে কোনো ভেদাভেদ ছিলনা; জমির উর্বরতা, প্রজনন এবং মাতৃকাশক্তি ছিল ইউরোপের আধ‍্যাত্মিক জীবনের প্রধান অঙ্গ। কিন্তু অশ্বারোহী স্তেপে যাযাবরদের আসার পর থেকে ইউরোপের সমাজটা পাল্টে যায়। মাতৃকাশক্তির জায়গায় আসীন হন পুরুষ দেবতারা, সমাজ উঁচুনীচু শ্রেণীতে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়ে।

১৯৮৭ সাল; সোভিয়েতরা পরিকল্পনা করেছে রাশিয়া-কাজাখ সীমান্তবর্তী একটি শহর আরকাইম (Arkaim) কে ডুবিয়ে একটি কৃত্রিম হ্রদ তৈরী করা হবে। একেবারে শেষ মুহুর্তে প্রত্নতত্ত্ববিদ গেনাডি ঝানোভিচ এবং তাঁর টীম আরকাইমে একটি চার হাজার বছর প্রাচীন শহর আবিষ্কার করে ফেলেন। ঝানোভিচ শহরটির নাম দেন স্বস্তিকা শহর। ঝানোভিচ দাবী করেন, ঋগ্বেদ এবং আভেস্তায় আর্যদের যে প্রাচীন বাসস্হানের কথা বলা রয়েছে সেটি আরকাইম ছাড়া অন‍্য কিছু হতে পারে না। ঋগ্বেদের যে সব গাছ, যেমন জলবায়ুর কথা রয়েছে সেগুলির সাথে আরকাইমের গাছপালা, জলবায়ুর ভীষণ সাদৃশ‍্য রয়েছে। স্বস্তিকা শহরটিও ছিল ত্রিস্তরীয় প্রাচীর দিয়ে ঘেরা। একদম ভেতরের অংশটিতে পুরোহিত এবং যোদ্ধা শ্রেণীরা থাকতেন। কারিগরশ্রেণীর লোকেরা থাকতেন এর বাইরের অংশে। শহরের প্রাচীরের বাইরে থাকতেন শ্রমিক, পশুপালকরা। ভারতবর্ষের চতুবর্ণব‍্যবস্হার সাথে আরকাইমের এই ত্রিস্তরীয় সমাজের মিল খুঁজে পাওয়াটা অস্বাভাবিক কিছু নয়। তবে ২০১৯ সালে ঝানোভিচের এই অনুমান ভুল প্রমাণিত হয়।

আর্যদের কথা হবে আর নাৎসীদের কথা উঠবে না তা হয় না। মজার কথা হলো, জার্মান Herrenrasse নামক আজগুবি তত্ত্বটির জনক একজন ফরাসী - আর্থার ডি গবিনিউ। গবিনিউ বলেন, পৃথিবীতে মূলতঃ তিনটি জাতি রয়েছে; সাদা, হলুদ এবং কালো। এদের মধ‍্যে সাদারা সবথেকে সুন্দরই নয়, তারা শক্তিশালী এবং হলুদ এবং কালোদের থেকে অনেক বেশী বুদ্ধিমান। এই বিশুদ্ধ সাদা আর্যদের উৎপত্তি উত্তর ইউরোপে এবং তারা ভারত, ইরাণে যুদ্ধে জয়লাভ করে ইউরোপে ফিরে আসে। গবিনিউ ইউরোপের বিদগ্ধ মহলে তীব্র সমালোচিত হলেও তাঁর একজন অন্ধ অনুরাগী ছিলেন রিচার্ড ওয়াগনার, এক কিংবদন্তি জার্মান সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ। ওয়াগনারের দেশাত্মবোধক গান এবং বিভিন্ন লেখা বিংশ শতাব্দীর শুরুতে জার্মানদের একটা বড় অংশকে প্রবল জাতীয়তাবাদী আবেগে উদ্বুদ্ধ করেছিল।

একজন সুইডিশ অ‍্যানাটমির অধ‍্যাপক অ‍্যাণ্ডার্স রেজিয়াস প্রথম মাথার করোটির আকারের ভিত্তিতে মানুষের তিনটি প্রজাতির কথা বলেন - লম্বা এবং পা‍ৎলা করোটি (Dolichocephalic), মাঝামাঝি (Mesocephalic) এবং ছোট, চওড়া করোটি (Brachycephalic); ফরাসী নৃতত্ত্ববিদ জর্জ ল‍্যাপোগ ১৮৮০ সালে বললেন এই Dolichocephalic করোটির মালিক শ্বেতাঙ্গ ইউরোপীয়রাই হলেন বিশুদ্ধ আর্য। ইহুদী, দক্ষিণ ইউরোপীয়রা, ল‍্যাপোগের মতে অশুদ্ধ রক্তের মানুষ। তবে ইহুদীরা Brachycephalic গোষ্ঠীর হলেও তারা শারীরিক শক্তি এবং বুদ্ধিমত্তায় Dolichocephalicদের সমকক্ষ। ল‍্যাপোগ একটি ভবিষ্যৎ বাণী করেছিলেন যেটা পরে হুবহু মিলে গিয়েছিল -'In the next century, people will be slaughtered by the millions for the sake of one or two degrees on the cephalic index...The superior races will substitute themselves by force for the human groups retarded in evolution, and the sentimentalists will witness the copius extermination of entire people.' ল‍্যাপোগ যখন এই কথাগুলো লিখছিলেন তখনো নাৎসীদের জন্ম হতে বহু বছর বাকি থাকলেও পরবর্তীকালে তারা ল‍্যাপোগের অপবৈজ্ঞানিক তত্ত্বগুলো রীতিমতো গুলে খেয়েছিল।

জার্মানদের গৌরবময় প্রাক্-খ্রীষ্ট পৌত্তলিক অতীত Deutsches Ahnenerbe সম্বন্ধে নাৎসীদের মধ‍্যে সবথেকে উৎসাহী ছিলেন রাইখ্সফ‍‍্যুয়রার হিমলার। জার্মানদের অতীত ইতিহাসের দলিল খুঁজে বের করার জন‍্য দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধের আগে অবধি নাৎসীদের ছোট ছোট দল আইসল‍্যাণ্ড, উত্তর ইউরোপ, সিরিয়া এমনকি তিব্বতে এসে অভিযান চালিয়েছিল। ট‍্যাকিটাসের লেখা Germania তে এই রোমান ঐতিহাসিক লিখে ছিলেন জার্মানদের সাথে কখনো অন‍্য কোনো জাতের সাথে সংমিশ্রণ ঘটেনি। ট‍্যাকিটাসের এই লেখাটি হিমলারের ভীষণ পছন্দ হয়। Germania - এর মূল পাণ্ডুলিপিটি সেই সময় মধ‍্য ইটালির এক কাউন্টের কাছে রাখা ছিল। জার্মানরা মুসোলিনির কাছে সেই পাণ্ডুলিপিটি দাবী করে। মুসোলিনি রাজী হলেও ইতালীতে এই নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড় উঠলে বিষয়টি আপাতত ধামাচাপা পড়ে যায়। এরপর ১৯৪৩ সালে ইতালি মিত্রশক্তির কাছে আত্মসমর্পন করলে জার্মান এস এসদের একটি ছোট এলিট ইউনিট জার্মানিয়ার মূল পাণ্ডুলিপিটি উদ্ধার করতে ইতালিতে যায়। কিন্তু কাউন্টের পরিবারের বুদ্ধিবলে সেই পাণ্ডুলিপি নাৎসীদের হাত ফস্কে যায়।

ভারতবর্ষে উনিশ শতকে ধর্মভিত্তিক জাতীয়তাবাদের উন্মেষ ঘটে আর্যসমাজের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা দয়ানন্দ স্বরস্বতীর হাত ধরে। তবে স্বরস্বতী বিশ্বাস করতেন আর্যদের আসল বাসস্হান ভারতে নয়, তিব্বতে। আবার হিন্দু জাতীয়তাবাদের অন‍্যতম পুরোধা বাল গঙ্গাধর তিলকের মতে আর্যরা ভারতে এসে ছিলেন উত্তর মেরু থেকে। তিলকের এই ধারণার পেছনে উইলিয়াম ওয়ারেনের লেখা Paradise found: The Cradle of the Human Race at the North Pole বইটির গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা ছিল। তিলককে এই বইটি উপহার দেন আর্য আক্রমণ তত্ত্বের জনক ম‍্যাক্সমূলার। তিলক বলেন, আজ থেকে বার হাজার বছর আগে উত্তর মেরুঅঞ্চল বসবাসের অনুপযোগী হয়ে ওঠায় আর্যরা তাদের ভিটেমাটি (Urheimat) ছেড়ে দক্ষিণ ইউরেশীয় অঞ্চলে চলে আসে।

জিনোম সিকোয়েন্সিং করে এখনো অবধি পাওয়া তথ‍্য অনুযায়ী ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় আর্যরা ভারতে তুলনামূলকভাবে নবাগত। ইউরোপে তাদের বিস্তারে প্রায় হাজার বছর পর ইন্দো-ইরাণীয়দের একটি শাখা বিচ্ছিন্ন হয়ে প্রথমে আফগানিস্তান পরে ধীরেধীরে পাঞ্জাবের সমতলে নেমে আসে। ভারতীয়দের জিনে হাপলোগ্রুপ R1a1এর উপস্হিতির কারণ এই ইন্দো-ইউরোপীয় ভাষাগোষ্ঠীর পুরুষপ্রধান গোষ্ঠীটি।

চার্লস অ‍্যালেন আরেকটি খুব মজার কথা বলেছেন। ঋগ্বেদে সর্বরোগহর সোমরসের কথা বহুবার উল্লেখ করা হয়েছে। এই বৈদিক সোম বা জরাথুষ্ট্রিয়ান অগ্নিউপাসকদের হউমা শব্দটির উৎস হল প্রোটো-ইন্দোইউরোপীয়ান Sauma যার অর্থ squeezed juice। পার্বত‍্য অঞ্চলের যে গাছ থেকে এই হউমা তৈরী হত আভেস্তায় সেই গাছটির বিশদে বর্ণনা রয়েছে। গাছটি ছোট; লম্বায় এক মানুষসমান। গাছের ডালগুলো সরু আঙুলের মতন। পাতা খুব কম এবং সেগুলো সবুজ-হলদেটে রঙের হতো। গাছের ডাল পিষে যে দুধের মতন সাদা রস পাওয়া যেত সেটা সুগন্ধযুক্ত হলেও স্বাদে হাল্কা কষাটে ভাব থাকত।

১৮৮৪ সালে লণ্ডনের Academy ম‍্যাগাজিনে চিঠি লিখে হোটাম শিণ্ডলার নামে এক জার্মান জানালেন ইরাণের বন্দর আব্বাস শহরের উত্তরে তিনি একটি গুল্মজাতীয় গাছ দেখেছেন যার স্হানীয় নাম Hum। আরবরা এই গাছটিকে বলে Hum-majus। স্হানীয় পারসীদের কাছে এই গাছের রস অত্যন্ত পবিত্র এবং এটিকে তাদের যজ্ঞে ব‍্যবহার করে। বৈদিক আর্য এবং পারসীদের এই পবিত্র সোম/হউম যে গাছ থেকে তৈরী হত সেটি ephedra distachia প্রজাতির এবং পার্বত‍্য উত্তর আফগানিস্তান থেকে শুরু করে পশ্চিমে ইরাণ - একটা সময় প্রচুর পরিমানে এই হুম গাছ পাওয়া যেত। আফগানিস্তানে এই গাছ ঘরোয়া চিকিৎসায় খুব কাজে আসত।

রোমান সম্রাট জুলিয়াস সিজার বৃটেনের কেল্টিক ড্রুইডদের ধর্মবিশ্বাস সম্বন্ধে খুব বিশদে লিখে গিয়েছেন। তিনি লিখছেন, ড্রুইডরা তাদের পবিত্র শ্লোকগুলি মুখস্হ করে রাখে, সে সব মন্ত্র কোথাও লিখে রাখা কঠোরভাবে নিষিদ্ধ। ড্রুইডরা এও বিশ্বাস করে যে মৃত‍্যুর পর আত্মা এক দেহ ছেড়ে অন‍্য দেহে চলে যায়। আত্মার মৃত‍্যু নেই। বৈদিক সমাজের মতন কেল্টদের সমাজেও বর্ণভেদপ্রথার যথেষ্ট প্রমাণ পাওয়া যায়।

আর্য বা প্রোটো-ইন্দোইউরোপীয়ানদের উৎপত্তি, গোটা ইউরোপ-এশিয়া জুড়ে ছড়িয়ে থাকা তাদের প্রত্নতাত্ত্বিক নিদর্শনগুলির বিশ্লেষণ, ধর্মীয় আচার, ভাষার আশ্চর্য সাদৃশ‍্য, জার্মানী-রাশিয়া-ভারতে জাতীয়তাবাদী চিন্তাধারায় আর্যদের ভূমিকা, ঐতিহাসিক বিকৃতি, জিনোম সিকোয়েন্সিং - চার্লস অ‍্যালেনের এই বইটিতে সমস্ত দিকগুলি চমৎকার ভাবে উপস্হাপিত হয়েছে। ইতিহাস অনুরাগী পাঠকদের বইটি ভালো লাগবে।

🍇ARYANS : The Search for a People, a Place and Myth

🍇Charles Allen

🍇Hachette Book Publishing India

🍇Rs.799 (Printed)
1 review
June 29, 2025
A great book which tells the tale of a great migration of a people who left their indelible mark on this world and it's culture
Profile Image for Appu.
228 reviews11 followers
July 5, 2024
The Aryan migration into India from the North West is a seminal event in Indian history. It shaped Hindu religion and caste sytem. Its effect is felt to this day . The British philologists and archaelogists of the 19th and early 20th century were able to figure out the links between Aryans (proto Indo Europeans)who migrated to India in the middle of 2nd millennium BC and proto Aryans who migrated west ward to Europe and to Iran. These scholars also established that the Aryans who migrated to India overcame a pre-existing urban bronze age civilization of North West India.

For the early Indian Nationalists the story of the connections between Indians (at least the section of Indians) with Europeans and Iranians was a matter of pride. Leaders and thinkers like, Tilak, Savarkar and even Gandhi flaunted it and made it the basis of their demand for a fairer treatment from the British.

On the other hand, Indians suffering from caste discrimination saw their oppressors (caste Hindus) as the progeny of invading Aryans while seeing themselves as the progeny of the Indus valley people who made way for the Aryans. Jyothiba Phule in Maharashtra, Iyothee Thass Pandithar in TN and the whole Non Brahmin movement in Madras shared this world view.

The Hindu Right found the Aryan migration theory inconvenient. It placed the upper caste Indians in the incovenient position as the progeny of migrants while the low caste Indians, increasingly converting to Islam, Christianity and Buddhism as the progeny of natives. Hindu right has a consistent record of opposing the Aryan Migration theory. Vivekananada, Aurobindo and Swami Dayanand claimed that the home of the Aryans was in India.

As the rightwing has gained prominence in India, Out of India theory has found favour. This theory argues that the foundational civilization of India was the Saraswathi civilizaton and that there is no dichotomy between Aryan and Indus Valley civilisations. Further it argues that Indian migrants peopled Iran and Europe.

Charles Allen in his writings has been vociferously opposing the Out of India theory as pseudo history. His books have dealt with European discovery of India’s forgotten past. Therefore he has been critical of those challenging the work of British philologists and archaeologists of the 19th and 20 centuries.
In this book Allen tries to explore the common themes to be found in civilizations sharing the proto Indo European ancestry. He dwells into archeological findings related to celts, scythians and so on. The last section of the books is about India's embrace and rejection of its Indo Europen heritage.

This book is somewhat rambling, possibly because it was compiled from the author's notes after his death. It is nevertheless worth a read.
Profile Image for Sajith Kumar.
725 reviews144 followers
August 31, 2024
The word ‘Aryan’ rose to prominence in European languages by mid-nineteenth century as denoting a race destined to rule over the others. It was virtue of the superlatives they possessed in every factor that ensured a competitive advantage in the fight for survival – such as intelligence, physique, beauty, language and organisation. This was part of a post-factual justification after the Industrial Revolution had made Western Europe prosperous and thriving on colonialism. Concepts of the unadulterated genome of the master Aryan race widely circulated leading to the growth of Nazism in its most horrific form in Germany as well as racism on a full spectrum from the very mild to eugenics in other countries. At the same time, the term ‘Aryan’ was being used in Sanskrit literature for several centuries to denote persons marked by noble demeanour and deeds. When language families were discovered by early Orientalist scholars, they clubbed Indo-European languages under the misnomer of Aryan. The desire of the British colonial regime to legitimise their rule in India was the driving force behind the colonial masters’ research pursuits into India’s religion and sacred literature. Without any credible scientific evidence to support it, the British fabricated the Aryan Invasion Theory (AIT) which postulated that the Aryans who came from central Asia had colonized India much before the British did. It also questioned Indians’ moral high ground as the original inhabitants. However, as more evidence was collected over the subsequent decades, not only a hole but a huge crater was formed in this argument. This book is a recent effort to vindicate the racially tinged fantasies of imperialist scholars trying to establish the central Asian or south Russian ancestry of Aryans and their ‘invasion’ of India. Charles Allen is the author of a number of best-selling books on India. Two of his books Ashoka and Coromandel were reviewed earlier in Aug 2014 and Dec 2021 respectively. His lasting legacy lies in a series of books about British involvement in India and the effort of early Orientalist scholars. Allen died in 2020 while the book was almost complete. It was edited by David Loyn who has authored the Introduction to this book.

Allen confesses three motives for writing this book. The first and foremost is that he was sorry at the way professional historical research has been ‘hijacked’ in India by the Hindutva movement which deny the influx of Aryans. The second is to give his opinion on how the word ‘Aryan’ became so prominent in the West as a racial indicator and the final reason is his love of archaeology. As a result, this book has a clear political intent and is a tool to influence public opinion in India possibly in view of the general elections in 2024. Can you believe that this book on a people who lived three millennia ago talks about the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) of India and Narendra Modi? The author also admits that he was greatly influenced by Marxist interpretations of history along with those of other Left-leaning historians such as Eric Hobsbawm and Christopher Hill in his student days (p.176). At the same time, he shows clear traits of white supremacism in his undisguised contempt for Indian scholars and unflinching belief that only the Western scholars understand Sanskrit texts even though it was only the Indians who regard them as sacred. He stoops so low as to abuse critics of Max Muller by calling them ‘zealots’ (p.62). To keep his exit route clear, he then accepts as true their allegations against Muller that he was employed by the colonialist English East India Company to translate Sanskrit texts for the company’s use at the exorbitant rate of GBP 4 per page (equivalent of GBP 800 today) but justifies this robbery of India with the flimsy argument that each page took weeks to produce and the entire project took 25 years to complete. The nostalgic part was that I still remember a researcher from my graduation days who took this much time to complete a project. ‘Why don’t you Indians just shut up and be thankful to the white colonialists who compiled your sacred books at the cost of your freedom?’ is the refrain that resounds silently and between the lines in the entire book.

The book offers a very fine overview on archaeological finds in the former Soviet republics in Central Asia which broadly bear the title of ‘Kurgan’ culture. The places he describes include Arkaim, Yamnaya, Ordek’s Necropolis and Hallstatt. These may be excellent for Google explorers to have a wonderful visual experience visiting these sites in cyberspace. At this point, Allen succumbs to the usual folly of armchair enthusiasts to link two concepts solely relying on how their names sound similar. The Yamnaya culture in Ukraine is examined in interesting detail showcasing the pit-grave burials characteristic to this culture. The author then irrelevantly burps out that ‘in a clear link with South Asia, Yama is also the Hindu god of death’ (p.179). This is only a pipedream as ‘Yama’ in Ukrainian only means a ‘pit’. Allen continuously uses such tricks to fool gullible readers into believing his outrageous conclusions. However, the author also points to the truth in some unrelated parts of the book as if to ease his conscience. He admits that the progress of Proto-Indo-Iranian people (the primal group which split into Aryans in India and Ariyas in Iran) has left little physical trace (p.207). It is also conceded that horse burials are totally absent in India but was widely practised in central Asia. The book cites a medieval Scottish document which recites their migration myth and concludes this as definite proof of how the Aryans migrated from Russian steppes to Scotland (p.128). Here again, words resonating similarly in Old Norse and Sanskrit are considered as enough evidence of their mythologies also being similar (p.133). The German archaeologist Friedrich Klopfleisch, who unearthed several ancient pottery from burial mounds in Jena in nineteenth century is introduced to us and then makes a strange claim that ‘Klopfleisch quite rightly believed them to be speakers of proto-Indo-European and thus ancestral Germans’ (p.143). How could he conclude like this? Can you deduce the language spoken by a person long dead, just by looking at his mummified bones and a few potsherds he used while alive? Inconsistencies similar to this one plague this text in its entirety.

A detailed narrative on the development of Aryan racial feeling in Europe and the appropriation of its supposed symbols by the Nazis and racists are found in this book. Racist thought developed in mid-nineteenth century Europe through the writings of Comte de Gobineau. He found enthusiastic admirers in Nietzsche, Richard Wagner and other thinkers. With German unification in 1871, patriotic sentiments fertilized the hope of descending from a master race (ubermenschen). Germans thought they were destined to bring in a new world order by conquering others by their racial superiority. German society was willing to absorb notions of Aryan supremacy and to suspend belief in matters of national self-image. This book proves that the four-handed Nazi symbol which is commonly confused with the auspicious Hindu symbol of Swastika is in fact ‘hakenkreuz’ (hooked cross). The hakenkreuz symbol was used in the coats of arms of many German municipalities even before theories of Aryan origins had emerged. Hitler had a personal connection to this symbol. The hakenkreuz was prominently displayed in the Lambach monastery where Hitler served as a choir boy. The symbol was engraved on a heraldic shield which was the personal seal of Theodorich Hagn, abbot of the abbey from 1856 to his death in 1872. This makes it obvious that the accursed Nazi symbol has no relation to India or Hinduism. Allen also examines how the false link between ‘Aryan’ and race came about. The word ‘Aryan’ comes from Sanskrit and Avestan where it changes to ‘Ariya’ in the latter. Both these languages give the meaning of ‘good or noble people’ or the ‘venerable ones’. Max Muller postulated that the Indo-European language was spoken by an Aryan race erroneously assuming that the speakers of similar languages were united by blood as well as tongue. But by the end of nineteenth century, consensus emerged that ‘Indo-European’ referred only to a language or group of languages rather than a people. Racist thought had far advanced in Europe by this time portraying the Aryans as a ‘tall, pale-skinned, blue-eyed, fair-haired, clever and martial race’. Muller later corrected this by clarifying that by ‘Aryan’ he meant only language and not race, but the damage had been done.

As noted earlier, this book begins with a political promise that it is a propaganda piece against Hindutva in India, which is alleged to have a xenophobic agenda and lack of respect for Western scholars specializing in Sanskrit. However, Allen confuses Hindutva with Hinduism proper and considers the religion as part of the game and hence a legitimate target for attack. He accuses that ‘intolerance of the Other and the persecution of minorities have been a feature of Indian society not just for centuries but for millennia’ (p.280). This is shocking as India was famous the world over as a safe abode of minorities facing persecution at home. The funny thing is that just four pages before, on p.276, he excitedly informs us about the excellent preservation of Parsee culture in India whereas it had crumbled in its homeland of Iran. As noted in para 3 above, this book is full of such gaping inconsistencies and glaring contradictions. More than that, he uncritically retells half-truths such as crossing the sea resulted in loss of caste and asserts that only the Paraiyar outcastes engaged in it. He is totally unaware of the robust Gujarati merchant class that flourished in East Africa and the Middle East without losing their ‘caste’. Read Chhaya Goswami’s excellent book ‘Globalization Before Its Time’ reviewed here in Dec 2020. Allen puts Swami Vivekananda in a bad light by asserting that he ‘used publicity photos to sell himself to the public’ as ‘a clean-shaven and muscular modern Guru’ (p.293). He accuses ISKCON for ‘helping bring the chauvinist and sectarian Hindutva repackaging of India’s history into the mainstream’. The chapter on ‘Holy Cows and Gurus’ is a brazen attempt to paint a black picture of all great leaders India admire and respect such as Dayanand Saraswati, Tilak, Swami Vivekananda and Aurobindo. After this tirade, the author arraigns against some Indian freedom fighters who died fighting for their motherland. Allen calls them ‘hotheads led by Tilak’s call for violent action’ and notes with smug satisfaction that ‘they were tried and hanged’. He doesn’t mention their name, but is obviously referring to Chapekar brothers who killed W. C. Rand who used vandalism and assault on Indians while working as the Plague commissioner.

The chapters on Indus Valley Civilization and its archaeological remains is a rigmarole of wrong conclusions and even plain ignorance. This book admits that John Marshall’s excavations at Mohenjo Daro were chaotic without any concern for stratification. In short, Marshall’s work was qualitatively more like tilling a farm field than archaeology. Even then he came out with a result which the author grudgingly concedes as something which ‘came as a gift from heaven to the ideologues of the nascent Hindu nationalist movement’ (p.214), because it buttressed their ‘Out of India’ and ‘No Aryan Invasion’ hypotheses. Swastikas were also found on Indus seals. Allen is also confused about what he is trying to establish and confirms at one point that ‘there may have been fighting [between Aryan invaders and original inhabitants of Indus Valley] but few today believe that Aryans put a sudden stop to the Civilization’ (p.217). While balancing the evidence offered by cultural specimens, he claims that the Daimabad Charioteer is an Indus legacy, but this area in Maharashtra was not inside the Culture’s accepted geographical range. In fact, this argument only strengthens the Out of India theory. When unable to find a plausible provenance for the famous ‘Dancing Girl’ sculpture of Indus Valley, he puts forward the silly argument that ‘they were not locally produced’ (p.222). Is he hinting that Amazon and FedEx had a pre-historic franchisee in Mohenjo Daro? Another fallacious and unsubstantiated conjecture is that the people of pre-Aryan Indus cities were lactose intolerant because ‘there is evidence that they produced ghee, which is lactose-free’ (p.230). By the same logic, a country which manufactured insulin must be full of diabetics! When DNA sequencing was done on a female skeleton found from Rakhigarhi, it ruled out any link to Central Asian genes. Allen accepts only those genetic studies done by western academics like David Reich as authentic while the strong protests against his work from Indian researchers are ignored. Based on this cherry-picking and shaky evidence, the author concludes that prior to 2200 BCE, there had been no admixing between original inhabitants and incoming Aryans whom he calls ancestral south Indians (ASI) and ancestral north Indians (ANI) respectively. Then in one instant they mixed like the flick of a switch and immediately stopped mixing thereafter till modern times due to the development of caste system. So embarrassingly naïve is Allen’s grasp of Indian society that I seriously doubt whether he has understood the concept of caste.

The author tries both sides of the argument of Aryan invasion to see which has better purchase. If he cannot find remnants of Central Asian practices in India, he is equally willing to transport Indian practices there. He then makes a pointless claim that caste system was part and parcel of the proto-Indo-European worldview and cites the two respected groups of druids and mounted knights in ancient European societies as forerunners of Brahmins and Kshatriyas. He invents another category of his own as ‘workers’ to rise the count to three and then atrociously claims that a French mythologist Georges Dumezil who lived in India in the 1920s recorded only three divisions in Indian society. The claim is that since Dumezil has said so, it must be so. Such is the level of white supremacism seen in this book. The skin tones of Aryans also do not match his narrative. Rig Veda describes god Indra as pot-bellied and ‘tawny-skinned’ (brown coloured). This is thought of as the model of a marauding bronze-age chieftain. This human figure is not white, blonde or tall as he ascribes to Aryans in the early chapters. The author also tries to improve upon the Parsee holy book Vendidad by claiming that the sequence of migrations of its early ancestors is not correct and suggests a new itinerary whose only relevance is that it agrees with his theory. Max Muller described the soma plant mentioned in Rig Veda as a creeper, but Allen thinks it is a fleshy, twig-like bush. Either Muller or Allen must be true, but not both. Maps given in the book are not effective in monochrome and the marked regions are difficult to differentiate. Altogether, the book is designed more as a wrecking ball on Hindutva than to serve any constructive purpose. Its sole aim is to debunk the Out-of-India theory that is gaining momentum. It is also an example of the folly that is produced by a scholar whose outlook is blinkered with politics.

The book is still recommended for the fine introduction to archaeological finds in Central Asia.
Profile Image for Christiane.
757 reviews24 followers
March 1, 2024
The questions concerning the original homeland, people and language of the Aryans have been studied by philologists, archaeologists, paleoanthropologists, sociologists and geneticists since the 19th century and the evidence now tends to lean in favour of the “Into India” theory which is vehemently rejected by Indian nationalists’ espousal of the “Out of India” hypothesis with the former citing the Pontic-Caspian steppe and the latter the Indus Valley as the Aryans' original homeland or "Urheimat".

Arguments for one or the other of the two theories have been provided by Sanskritists studying the Rig Veda and the Zoroastrian Avesta which speak of Āryas and Aryas respectively. The linguists determined that both Sanskrit and Persian have a close affinity to most of the languages of Europe, forming the Indo-European language group.
Archaeology has provided other clues in the form of particular kinds of burials, a pronounced horse culture, human and animal sacrifices, miniature or full-size horse or oxen-drawn chariots and very advanced metalwork, especially gold. And of course in recent times DNA technology has played an important role.

Once again Mr. Allen has delved deeply into all the available sources and gives the reader a well-written, engrossing overview of the accumulation of knowledge of the Aryans up to the present time. He also does not fail to mention the catastrophic results the belief in a master race has had on humanity.

Mr Allen is one of my favourite authors, I particularly love his “Ashoka” and “Coromandel” and I was sad to learn that he passed away before the publication of this, his last book.
Profile Image for Pradosh.
75 reviews
October 10, 2024
In typical Charles Allen style, the book is an amazing deep dive into individuals who were the key players - in this case, in the European obsession with the 'aryan race'. Charles dredges up some famous, as well as some obscure Europeans of the 19th century, who initiated/contributed to the concept of a master race (which eventually morphed in to the 'aryan' theory)
He details each theory as to origin/homeland/identity of the 'aryans' and then gives his own critique of these ideas. He also goes back into actual history to talk about different cultures/races that left a mark on Western Europe - from Corded Ware culture, to Scythians, to Celts to Huns and everyone in between. And through a discussion of these histories, he gives his own view on the identity of 'aryans'

The second half of the book is dedicated to India and its relationship with 'aryans', ending the book with the latest in DNA findings on this subject

I honestly found the first half of the book very interesting, because it contained a lot of new information about the 'master race' obsession in the 19th century. The latter half of the book doesn't offer much that is new, to a well informed reader (esp from India)
Profile Image for Deepa T.
302 reviews1 follower
May 14, 2024
I cannot say that I enjoyed this book. It started off quite interesting with tales of ancient People and speculations about how they might have lived and migrated in response to events - the author painted quite a vivid picture. But then the author started delving into politics. Criticising the political atmosphere of a country - even though I get the drift - seems unnecessary in an academic reading. It seemed petulant, talking about recent political incidents in the country and dragged on for far too long. But i must say that the earlier chapters were fascinating and I’m glad I read this book.
Profile Image for Barun Ghosh.
170 reviews2 followers
December 21, 2024
A fabulous read about a very controversial subject which has such political connotations in our modern age. This book made me realise how many facets of Vedic rituals such as the Ashwamedh Yajna might have its origins with the horse cultures of Central Asia and how words like Devas and Asuras has the inverse meaning in the Zoroastrian faith compared to Hindu beliefs.
16 reviews
January 30, 2024
A very comprehensive account. Heavy on details as one would expect in a book like this..hence slow reading is suggested. This is the last book written by Charles Allen. I have also read Coromandel and Ashoka written by him. I found all 3 books to be very good.
4 reviews
January 18, 2025
Monotonous, Biased and a falsified account on what occurred (will elaborate more).
Profile Image for Rajinder Arora.
Author 7 books
March 3, 2024
An author and a subject I have loved reading. The master craftsman has finely distilled and curated elements from research, archeology, and philology to present a very interesting and objective picture of the origin of Aryans. This was Charles' last book. A must read, highly recommended.
Displaying 1 - 14 of 14 reviews

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