“The pursuit of time - and efforts to capture it with machines - has involved strong personalities and great characters who, through their stubborn perseverance, innate genius or sheer eccentricity, have written their names into the history of timekeeping."
This is a humorously narrativised compilation of timepieces that have developed our understanding of time. Its anecdotal approach mirrors Garfield's in his book 'Timekeepers' and reveals the tricky truth Foulkes calls 'the pursuit of time': time isn't something that can ever be accurately summarised in one neat package. Its passing can only be measured with watches and clocks (or baboon fibulas!) which can be extravagant but inaccurate works of art, mechanisms that show metric and sidereal time at one latitude, or simple gadgets designed to withstand the conditions of the moon.
I read this for a creative project I'm working on and found it incredibly illuminating, especially the first third of the book, which proves that the invention of timekeeping was precisely what allowed human beings to develop into the dominant species we are today: "The link made between the passage of time and the recurrence of seasonal events would have had obvious importance for hunter-gatherers, who would be very interested in forecasting the migratory patterns of their quarry. And, of course, thousands of years later, the move from hunting and gathering to an agricultural system would have been impossible without an appreciation of time: without it, how would one know the most propitious times to sow and harvest, or be able to calculate the quantity of food necessary to sustain the community in the interval between planting seeds and reaping the crop?”
This is where the book really shone for me, as it explained the baffling mathematical task of organising time in a way that matched the solar cycle in a regular (what we would now refer to as 'yearly') way, which is complicated by the presence of the lunar cycle, and how to reconcile the two: “The Earth’s rotation on its axis provided the span of the day, and the period of the Earth’s elliptical 365.25-day (give or take) orbit of the sun provided what we call a year. Meanwhile, the moon supplied the observable phenomenon of its waxing and waning, a cycle that took approximately 29.5 days, on which we have based the concept of a month. The problem of course, was that the solar and lunar cycles do not quite co-ordinate.”
The ways different civilisations tried to accurately measure time were fascinating to learn about, in particular Ancient Egypt's Karnak Clepsydra, which literally translates as 'water thief'. A bowl that becomes narrower at the base to regulate water pressure, the water recedes at a steady rate. The interior of the bowl includes markings that tell you the time in reference to the water level. It's incredibly clever stuff!
For such a complicated subject, Foulkes' writing is lyrical with pun-aplenty, which I loved. My favourite timepieces were those that play about with how we structure time, such as Benjamin Franklin's Obelisk Clock and Japan's Wadokei. For something we take for granted as a basic, undisputed fact of life, time and humanity's quest to measure it is a delightfully action-packed one, arguably always in the process of being written (who knows whether a new innovation in timekeeping will revolutionise the way we experience time?) Combining science, anthropology and history, this is a fabulously told treatise on the history of timekeeping that anyone with an interest should read.