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Enfrentando o Antropoceno. Capitalismo Fossil e a Crise do Sistema Terrestre
Para o autor, a sobrevivência no Antropoceno exige uma mudança social radical, substituindo o capitalismo fóssil por uma nova civilização “Ian Angus demonstra como a essência predatória do sistema econômico capitalista declara guerra
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First published January 1, 2018
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About the author
Ian Angus
59 books29 followersIan Angus is a Canadian independent Marxist writer, educator, and ecosocialist activist.
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 31 reviews
October 14, 2024
Essential synthesis of the climate crisis (especially drawing from the past 20 years of Earth System science) + the political economy that drives it (global capitalism):
The Brilliant:
--I love systems-level analysis and multi-disciplinary synthesis, as opposed to division-of-labour compartmentalization and reductionism; we are so conditioned to neglect the big picture.
The Great Acceleration from Holocene to Anthropocene:
--A crucial aspect of the big picture (Earth System) of the climate crisis is the “Great Acceleration” in climate destruction (including climate change) that has occurred since… WWII! It has not been a steady rise since the Industrial Revolution. The capitalism characterized by post-WWII American petroleum invading into every aspect of life (and thwarting alternatives) is the overwhelming culprit. Not some vague notion of “technology”, or “overpopulation”.
--Another key aspect of Earth System science is how human civilization has been entirely dependent on the incredibly stable climate of the Holocene epoch, and how delicate this balance is when put in context with the lifetime of the Earth. Earth Science examines the “planetary boundaries” (including climate change) required to maintain the Holocene conditions, and how these are severely under attack.
Socialism or Barbarism:
--The author cites Marx: humanity makes its own history, but not under conditions of its own choosing. This sets up an eloquent case for ecosocialism, and the need for socialism to be pluralistic and up-to-speed with science. Sure, science does not answer numerous social questions, but it offers tools to better understand the conditions on which we build society.
--Capitalism is on a path towards barbarism. For liberals who disagree, try turning off your consumerist mass media and taking a look at the real world, where elites are responding to the climate crisis by building more walls and hiring more armed security. The ultranationalist/reactionary/xenophobic responses to mass migration from the global south sets the stage for barbarism. Capitalist power has always thrived on abstraction, so during crises we are plagued with scapegoating the visible and vulnerable. The global south has been wrecked by centuries of colonialism, which includes today's capitalism: the global division-of-labour outsources environmentally-destructive production to the global south. And now, they are the first fed to extreme climate and resource crises (Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence)...
The Missing:
--The author briefly dismantles neo-Malthusian “overpopulation” claims (the actual numbers are absurd, but then again global inequality is absurd), which is unpacked in the author's Too Many People?: Population, Immigration, and the Environmental Crisis
--First step is diagnosing and prioritizing the issues, which this book provides a major piece (the environment). The next step is how to bring about change. Recognizing that the peoples’ movements in the global south/indigenous are on the front lines of ecosocialism is important (such as the People’s Agreement, Cochabamba).
-A People’s Green New Deal
-The Red Deal: Indigenous Action to Save Our Earth
--It is useful to learn socialist ideas that build better societies, not just resist. However, resistance is essential especially for the Global South to even survive imperialism, and this is something Western utopian armchair critics too often dismiss. For the details:
-Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
-The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World
-The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
-Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II
-The Management of Savagery: How America's National Security State Fueled the Rise of Al Qaeda, ISIS, and Donald Trump
--In parallel with being grounded in the full geopolitical and historical context of imperialism and resistance, we can consider more utopian change (while negotiating the many contradicting social perspectives). We need to directly challenge Liberals on how to build a better world, and spread these ideas far and wide. Of course we want a Green New Deal, but beyond that:
1) Decommodification of land/resources & revaluing work:
--The rise of the global market (the triumph of market "exchange value" over "use value") created the commodification of land (i.e. a price on land based on how much it output it could generate for the global market), which led to the Enclosures (privatization of land, kicking off the serfs). Some serfs were hired back as proto-entrepreneurs which the rest had to beg for jobs, forming the wage labour market. See: Talking to My Daughter About the Economy: or, How Capitalism Works—and How It Fails
--Further commodification and risk management came with stock markets, limited liability, corporate law, and private banking. The logic is to build confidence by assuming future productivity gains (hence, conjuring unsustainable growth) while externalizing risk and costs (including environmental costs!):
-Another Now: Dispatches from an Alternative Present
-The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
--To reverse this, we need to reverse the commodification/Enclosures' privatization and re-value work towards social needs, in particular under/unpaid care work. Contradictions eventually bubble up into the surface, as seen in COVID19 and the public recognition of "essential workers". What are our social values and how do we distribute resources in accordance with this? For example, a pillar of leftist feminism is revaluing social reproduction:
-The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values
-Feminism for the 99%: A Manifesto
-Bullshit Jobs: A Theory
...For decommodifying land and revaluing our relationship with nature (the "Commons"):
-Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants
-Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
2) Economic Democracy: Worker Self-Directed Enterprises, owned-and-operated by workers (there is no democracy without economic democracy), can be a direct challenge to the capitalist property regime (private shareholders vs. wage labour) once combined with macro-level support (public banking, abolishing the stock market, etc.):
-macro: Another Now: Dispatches from an Alternative Present
-micro: Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism
...This also ties in with automation benefiting society (i.e. reduce working hours) rather than profiting rent-seeking private owners while threatening structural unemployment for wage labour.
3) Participatory Democracy: Western liberal democracy opens the political sphere for limited participation (periodic voting) while the spectrum of debate is predefined by the corporate media/public relations and actual power moved to the private economic sphere. Workplace democracy is a crucial place to start since the working masses spend their best waking hours there. Community building needs to be built in parallel: The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement
4) Abolishing Economic Rent: the other related component of capitalist property rights (apart from worker control) is economic rent-seeking:
-The Bubble and Beyond
-Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Bondage Destroy the Global Economy
-Debt: The First 5,000 Years
...Finance Capitalism is the evolution of capitalist property relations to externalize risks and costs; each of these will need to be addressed:
a) Land rent: Why Can't You Afford a Home?
b) Interest (usurious loans, coupon-clipping bondholders): The Public Bank Solution: From Austerity to Prosperity
c) Monopoly pricing: natural monopolies (natural resources, utilities, physical/social infrastructure) and increasingly intellectual property.
The Brilliant:
--I love systems-level analysis and multi-disciplinary synthesis, as opposed to division-of-labour compartmentalization and reductionism; we are so conditioned to neglect the big picture.
The Great Acceleration from Holocene to Anthropocene:
--A crucial aspect of the big picture (Earth System) of the climate crisis is the “Great Acceleration” in climate destruction (including climate change) that has occurred since… WWII! It has not been a steady rise since the Industrial Revolution. The capitalism characterized by post-WWII American petroleum invading into every aspect of life (and thwarting alternatives) is the overwhelming culprit. Not some vague notion of “technology”, or “overpopulation”.
--Another key aspect of Earth System science is how human civilization has been entirely dependent on the incredibly stable climate of the Holocene epoch, and how delicate this balance is when put in context with the lifetime of the Earth. Earth Science examines the “planetary boundaries” (including climate change) required to maintain the Holocene conditions, and how these are severely under attack.
Socialism or Barbarism:
--The author cites Marx: humanity makes its own history, but not under conditions of its own choosing. This sets up an eloquent case for ecosocialism, and the need for socialism to be pluralistic and up-to-speed with science. Sure, science does not answer numerous social questions, but it offers tools to better understand the conditions on which we build society.
--Capitalism is on a path towards barbarism. For liberals who disagree, try turning off your consumerist mass media and taking a look at the real world, where elites are responding to the climate crisis by building more walls and hiring more armed security. The ultranationalist/reactionary/xenophobic responses to mass migration from the global south sets the stage for barbarism. Capitalist power has always thrived on abstraction, so during crises we are plagued with scapegoating the visible and vulnerable. The global south has been wrecked by centuries of colonialism, which includes today's capitalism: the global division-of-labour outsources environmentally-destructive production to the global south. And now, they are the first fed to extreme climate and resource crises (Tropic of Chaos: Climate Change and the New Geography of Violence)...
The Missing:
--The author briefly dismantles neo-Malthusian “overpopulation” claims (the actual numbers are absurd, but then again global inequality is absurd), which is unpacked in the author's Too Many People?: Population, Immigration, and the Environmental Crisis
--First step is diagnosing and prioritizing the issues, which this book provides a major piece (the environment). The next step is how to bring about change. Recognizing that the peoples’ movements in the global south/indigenous are on the front lines of ecosocialism is important (such as the People’s Agreement, Cochabamba).
-A People’s Green New Deal
-The Red Deal: Indigenous Action to Save Our Earth
--It is useful to learn socialist ideas that build better societies, not just resist. However, resistance is essential especially for the Global South to even survive imperialism, and this is something Western utopian armchair critics too often dismiss. For the details:
-Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
-The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World
-The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
-Killing Hope: U.S. Military and C.I.A. Interventions Since World War II
-The Management of Savagery: How America's National Security State Fueled the Rise of Al Qaeda, ISIS, and Donald Trump
--In parallel with being grounded in the full geopolitical and historical context of imperialism and resistance, we can consider more utopian change (while negotiating the many contradicting social perspectives). We need to directly challenge Liberals on how to build a better world, and spread these ideas far and wide. Of course we want a Green New Deal, but beyond that:
1) Decommodification of land/resources & revaluing work:
--The rise of the global market (the triumph of market "exchange value" over "use value") created the commodification of land (i.e. a price on land based on how much it output it could generate for the global market), which led to the Enclosures (privatization of land, kicking off the serfs). Some serfs were hired back as proto-entrepreneurs which the rest had to beg for jobs, forming the wage labour market. See: Talking to My Daughter About the Economy: or, How Capitalism Works—and How It Fails
--Further commodification and risk management came with stock markets, limited liability, corporate law, and private banking. The logic is to build confidence by assuming future productivity gains (hence, conjuring unsustainable growth) while externalizing risk and costs (including environmental costs!):
-Another Now: Dispatches from an Alternative Present
-The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
--To reverse this, we need to reverse the commodification/Enclosures' privatization and re-value work towards social needs, in particular under/unpaid care work. Contradictions eventually bubble up into the surface, as seen in COVID19 and the public recognition of "essential workers". What are our social values and how do we distribute resources in accordance with this? For example, a pillar of leftist feminism is revaluing social reproduction:
-The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values
-Feminism for the 99%: A Manifesto
-Bullshit Jobs: A Theory
...For decommodifying land and revaluing our relationship with nature (the "Commons"):
-Braiding Sweetgrass: Indigenous Wisdom, Scientific Knowledge, and the Teachings of Plants
-Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action
2) Economic Democracy: Worker Self-Directed Enterprises, owned-and-operated by workers (there is no democracy without economic democracy), can be a direct challenge to the capitalist property regime (private shareholders vs. wage labour) once combined with macro-level support (public banking, abolishing the stock market, etc.):
-macro: Another Now: Dispatches from an Alternative Present
-micro: Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism
...This also ties in with automation benefiting society (i.e. reduce working hours) rather than profiting rent-seeking private owners while threatening structural unemployment for wage labour.
3) Participatory Democracy: Western liberal democracy opens the political sphere for limited participation (periodic voting) while the spectrum of debate is predefined by the corporate media/public relations and actual power moved to the private economic sphere. Workplace democracy is a crucial place to start since the working masses spend their best waking hours there. Community building needs to be built in parallel: The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement
4) Abolishing Economic Rent: the other related component of capitalist property rights (apart from worker control) is economic rent-seeking:
-The Bubble and Beyond
-Killing the Host: How Financial Parasites and Debt Bondage Destroy the Global Economy
-Debt: The First 5,000 Years
...Finance Capitalism is the evolution of capitalist property relations to externalize risks and costs; each of these will need to be addressed:
a) Land rent: Why Can't You Afford a Home?
b) Interest (usurious loans, coupon-clipping bondholders): The Public Bank Solution: From Austerity to Prosperity
c) Monopoly pricing: natural monopolies (natural resources, utilities, physical/social infrastructure) and increasingly intellectual property.
November 22, 2016
A solid description of the anthropocene, human cumulative impacts on the planet, social justice, and an ecosocialist vision of a future that includes human civilization. It makes you wonder where the rich think they can hide.
March 22, 2021
When aliens or any survivors next century do a post mortem on us, this book will probably answer 80% of their questions. The author weaves together a macro scientific economic political Hegelian Marxist narrative and gives voice to our spiral of silence. Read it for the facts and lucid academic writing, read it for the anxiety, or just read it to be grateful that you're lucky enough to be a GR user at all and enjoying things while they last.
How does this book have 100 ratings / 10 reviews??
How does this book have 100 ratings / 10 reviews??
October 4, 2017
Does an excellent job at presenting the evidence of anthropogenic climate change and how capitalism has lead us to the brink of existential disaster. By the end of I was so convinced of the pressing need for societal change that I was hoping for some concrete proposals rather than a discussion of the nature of the movement needed to enact change but I guess that is a topic for elsewhere.
June 19, 2016
By starting with the science and linking it to a Marxist understanding of capitalism and society's metabolic interaction with nature, Ian Angus has written an important book that will help to strengthen and develop the left's understanding of these issues. It ought to be widely read.
Full review: http://resolutereader.blogspot.co.uk/...
Full review: http://resolutereader.blogspot.co.uk/...
Read
December 22, 2018A great introduction to the science behind the Anthropocene, with an analysis of a possible ecosocialist response. I found the overview of the science more concise, the ecosocialist argument loses its rigour at times - but it compensates this with passion and a feeling of urgency
September 2, 2025
Read as part of my PhD. A very thought provoking approach to the Anthropocene as a product of 'fossil capitalism', as well as a harrowing account of how long scientists have been calling for change to prevent a climate crisis.
September 3, 2022
One of the most frightening books I’ve read regarding climate change. Angus pulls no punches when it comes to what lies ahead. And not in fifty years, but maybe less than ten. We’ve left the Holocene behind and are firmly in the Anthropocene; the Great Acceleration is a run-away train.
What I found intriguing was his arguments regarding capitalism. I’ve long thought that the system of constant growth wasn’t sustainable. Angus puts forth valid reasons for its demise. Unfortunately, I didn’t find his solution one that has a chance of succeeding. I think it’s been shown that too many people don’t want to sacrifice, even if it means saving civilization. If they had, we wouldn’t be in the mess we’re in now. We would have already taken the steps needed to stop this catastrophe. We’ve had fifty years, and we’ve done very little.
I didn’t agree with the author’s disclaiming the idea of overpopulation being part of the problem; he uses only those in the developing world as an example, without taking into account that they are developing. What happens when they’re putting out as much greenhouse gases as we are? And the developed world cutting back on their population could only help.
As I said, a frightening book, but maybe one that was required reading.
What I found intriguing was his arguments regarding capitalism. I’ve long thought that the system of constant growth wasn’t sustainable. Angus puts forth valid reasons for its demise. Unfortunately, I didn’t find his solution one that has a chance of succeeding. I think it’s been shown that too many people don’t want to sacrifice, even if it means saving civilization. If they had, we wouldn’t be in the mess we’re in now. We would have already taken the steps needed to stop this catastrophe. We’ve had fifty years, and we’ve done very little.
I didn’t agree with the author’s disclaiming the idea of overpopulation being part of the problem; he uses only those in the developing world as an example, without taking into account that they are developing. What happens when they’re putting out as much greenhouse gases as we are? And the developed world cutting back on their population could only help.
As I said, a frightening book, but maybe one that was required reading.
Read
June 12, 2022this book is super jumpy from topic to topic and the writing is kind of boring but overall it’s a good call to action. does a very good job of blending natural science and marxist analysis to explain in accessible language how we got here which is great but is frustratingly anti nuclear power throughout? like equates fossil fuels and nuclear in terms of dirtiness multiple times which is just weird stuff. worth the read though
December 23, 2022
Well written Marxist analysis of the political and economic basis of the climate crisis. Not much new for someone coming from a socialist background.
Some interesting insight into Marx's theory of social-metabolic relation to nature.
Some interesting insight into Marx's theory of social-metabolic relation to nature.
January 24, 2020
Very accessible and covers a lot of ground but Angus ain’t really saying anything new here😬😬
December 8, 2022
read for a class on ecological sociology: capitalism is incompatible with a sustainable future, an economy that must grow or die wreaks havok on the contained & limited system that is our planet
March 26, 2023
Horribly frustrating to understand how capitalism is the root cause of climate change. Necessary read to start getting an understanding how to dismantle it. Life changing insights clearly written.
May 15, 2025
Thought this book was brilliant, concise, and effective. Angus lays out our steady march towards planetary ecological crisis and climate instability in a convincing yet punchy manner. A few key points I did not fully appreciate until reading this book were 1. the exponential change in emissions (coupled with growth) between 1950-today relative to 1750-1950 (or wherever you want to mark the start of the industrial revolution) and 2. the notion of increased variance as well as increased averages - moving both the probability distribution / bell curve of temperatures upwards but also widening the curve such that extreme years are more probable (i.e. +3 standard deviation events now more likely than before). Something about that particular visual aid struck me
Loved the multi-disciplinary nature of this book as well, in particular the combination of history, ecology, and political economy when analyzing how oil and its related products became the lifeblood of the modern economy after World War 2, how the modern world is built for oil (I still need to get around to tackling Yergin's The Prize but oh well). Our current society needs growth to perpetuate itself, and the overwhelming majority of this growth goes hand in hand with increased fossil fuel usage
Today, few are without guilt regarding the addiction to cheap goods (after all, over 80% of us in the U.S. were born since 1950, per the census) and Angus spells out exactly what we and our predecessors have been sowing over these past decades...
...and now, the reaping?
Loved the multi-disciplinary nature of this book as well, in particular the combination of history, ecology, and political economy when analyzing how oil and its related products became the lifeblood of the modern economy after World War 2, how the modern world is built for oil (I still need to get around to tackling Yergin's The Prize but oh well). Our current society needs growth to perpetuate itself, and the overwhelming majority of this growth goes hand in hand with increased fossil fuel usage
Today, few are without guilt regarding the addiction to cheap goods (after all, over 80% of us in the U.S. were born since 1950, per the census) and Angus spells out exactly what we and our predecessors have been sowing over these past decades...
...and now, the reaping?
January 2, 2026
There's kind of three books here along the lines of the three parts. The TL;DR is that I really recommend it but some of the strategic conclusions are unfortunately lacking.
1. A No-Analog State: A somewhat technical explanation of the scientific basis for defining the "Anthropocene" - a new geological epoch where the processes shaping the global climate are dominated by human activity that began in the mid-twentieth century. A good read if you're interested in some of the specifics of climate science, but probably skippable if you're more interested in the political and social analysis of capitalism as a system and how it is driving climate change. (As an aside, the essays in the appendix defending the word "Anthropocene" itself were convincing to me).
2. Fossil Capitalism: The real meat of the book from a political perspective. Really excellent and I highly recommend. If anything it could have stood to be longer and more detailed, but it makes many references to other books and articles so you have something to go onto if you want more.
3. The Alternative: This is where the book stumbles a bit in my opinion. Broadly agreeable but there are enough strategic quibbles I have that I can't just ignore them. The biggest is that the role of the working class in achieving total social change and displacing capitalism is reduced to being just one among several struggles against injustice, instead of being *the* key strategic force in building socialism.
1. A No-Analog State: A somewhat technical explanation of the scientific basis for defining the "Anthropocene" - a new geological epoch where the processes shaping the global climate are dominated by human activity that began in the mid-twentieth century. A good read if you're interested in some of the specifics of climate science, but probably skippable if you're more interested in the political and social analysis of capitalism as a system and how it is driving climate change. (As an aside, the essays in the appendix defending the word "Anthropocene" itself were convincing to me).
2. Fossil Capitalism: The real meat of the book from a political perspective. Really excellent and I highly recommend. If anything it could have stood to be longer and more detailed, but it makes many references to other books and articles so you have something to go onto if you want more.
3. The Alternative: This is where the book stumbles a bit in my opinion. Broadly agreeable but there are enough strategic quibbles I have that I can't just ignore them. The biggest is that the role of the working class in achieving total social change and displacing capitalism is reduced to being just one among several struggles against injustice, instead of being *the* key strategic force in building socialism.
November 2, 2025
This book fully opened my eyes to the fact that we are doomed. It's not matter of if, but when. The centers of power will never relinquish their position in the current civilization setup and ultimatley they will be our doom. Capitalism in its current setup is not working, but we are so deep in it that even us near the bottom of it won't relinqish it because we don't know better. Most of the people in my country prefer to believe the oil companies pumped propaganda that climate change is a hoax, they hate Bill Gates (even tough they don't know why) and act with no regards to the future. I am happy and sad to be on the other spectrum: I must say sorry to our future generations if they ever read this.
September 12, 2025
A great outline of Earth System Science, how Capitalism destroys the Earth System, and what we need to do to save it.
Because of it's length it obviously can't cover everything it mentions in depth, and the tiny section of a tiny chapter dedicated to the USSR and previous socialist projects feels rushed, as though it was added as an afterthought.
But overall, it's inspired me to read deeper into our Earth System, and the ways in which capitalism disturbs our metabolic relationship with it, ultimately leading our extinction.
Because of it's length it obviously can't cover everything it mentions in depth, and the tiny section of a tiny chapter dedicated to the USSR and previous socialist projects feels rushed, as though it was added as an afterthought.
But overall, it's inspired me to read deeper into our Earth System, and the ways in which capitalism disturbs our metabolic relationship with it, ultimately leading our extinction.
June 15, 2024
Não tinha leituras sobre ambientalismo antes e achei um bom ponto de partida, sintetiza bem quais são os principais problemas que levaram à crise atual e não cai no fatalismo desmobilizante de muitos que falam sobre a mesma coisa, mas coloca na aposta socialista uma possbilidade de mudança. Além disso, para quem quer se aprofundar no tema, é muito bem fundamentado e possui uma bibliografia extensa que pode ser um material de consulta interessante.
August 15, 2025
Everyone should have this book by their bedside.
Super informative and shows with crystal clear evidence how capitalism and actions made by a very tiny fraction of humans is causing climate upheaval.
Explains some scientific terms such as Earth Boundaries. Explains how fossil fuel capital, pushed by the US after the world wars, are putting the earth and human species' fate into a wrecked and uncertain apocalyptic future
Super informative and shows with crystal clear evidence how capitalism and actions made by a very tiny fraction of humans is causing climate upheaval.
Explains some scientific terms such as Earth Boundaries. Explains how fossil fuel capital, pushed by the US after the world wars, are putting the earth and human species' fate into a wrecked and uncertain apocalyptic future
August 10, 2021
A must read and a call to arms to act now to prevent destroying the future for generations to come. Nicely argued and a gives a historical sweep of the developments of global history and why the past seventy years have caused catastrophic changes to the workld we live in. He draws on Marx and cuts through those that dismiss his arguments as either too radical or people centred. Essential reading.
June 24, 2024
Dizer que essa leitura é impactante é muito pouco para dizer da verdade que ele denuncia: a destruição do clima e da natureza que o capital promove em nosso planeta. Saber disso nos ajuda a tomar decisões no dia a dia para tentar conter essa onda que vem crescendo, pelo menos, nestes últimos 100 anos.
September 10, 2025
Read this for an Environmental Ethics class. Really interesting and a very well compiled book on all the man made issues facing our new epoch. It was a bit depressing at times, especially reading before bed. But a great concise overview of the problem and his proposed societal changes (I do disagree with his stance on nuclear). Humanity is so fucked.
March 15, 2018
Excellent!
May 16, 2018
Excellent
October 24, 2019
Deeply informative. What we know deep down but are too scared to believe. Feeling helpless in an ignorant world going mad.
Read
March 6, 2020A good overview of how we got to where we are with climate change, and what can be done.
April 7, 2020
Síntese excepcional da ciência e da economia política do Antropoceno.
October 14, 2022
It’s looking bleak out there folks
August 22, 2023
Gutes recap aber wenig neues. Stark geframed.
Read
October 8, 2024Read for school—but this was very insightful & interesting.
Displaying 1 - 30 of 31 reviews