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Maurice Merleau-Ponty: Basic Writings
Merleau-Ponty was a pivotal figure in twentieth century French philosophy. He was responsible for bringing the phenomenological methods of the German philosophers - Husserl and Heidegger - to France and instigated a new wave of interest in this approach. His influence extended well beyond the boundaries of philosophy and can be seen in theories of politics, psychology, art and language.
This is the first volume to bring together a comprehensive selection of Merleau-Ponty's writing.
Sections from the following are included:
The Primacy of Perception
The Structure of Behaviour
The Phenomenology of Perception
The Prose of the World
The Visible and the Invisible
Sense and Non-Sense
The Adventures of the Dialectic
In a substantial critical introduction Thomas Baldwin provides a critical discussion of the main themes of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, connecting it to subsequent philosophical debates and setting it in the context of the ideas of Bergson, Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre. Each text is also prefaced with an explanation which sets it in its context in Merleau-Ponty's work; and there are extensive suggestions for further reading to enable students to pursue the issues raised by Merleau-Ponty. Thus the book provides the ideal materials for students studying Merleau-Ponty for the first time.
This is the first volume to bring together a comprehensive selection of Merleau-Ponty's writing.
Sections from the following are included:
The Primacy of Perception
The Structure of Behaviour
The Phenomenology of Perception
The Prose of the World
The Visible and the Invisible
Sense and Non-Sense
The Adventures of the Dialectic
In a substantial critical introduction Thomas Baldwin provides a critical discussion of the main themes of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, connecting it to subsequent philosophical debates and setting it in the context of the ideas of Bergson, Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre. Each text is also prefaced with an explanation which sets it in its context in Merleau-Ponty's work; and there are extensive suggestions for further reading to enable students to pursue the issues raised by Merleau-Ponty. Thus the book provides the ideal materials for students studying Merleau-Ponty for the first time.
376 pages, Paperback
First published December 29, 2003
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369 people want to read
About the author
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
125 books621 followersFrench phenomenological philosopher, strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger in addition to being closely associated with Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. At the core of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy is a sustained argument for the foundational role that perception plays in understanding the world as well as engaging with the world. Like the other major phenomenologists Merleau-Ponty expressed his philosophical insights in writings on art, literature, and politics; however Merleau-Ponty was the only major phenomenologist of the first half of the Twentieth Century to engage extensively with the sciences, and especially with descriptive psychology. Because of this engagement, his writings have become influential with the recent project of naturalizing phenomenology in which phenomenologists utilize the results of psychology and cognitive science.
Merleau-Ponty was born in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime. His father was killed in World War 1 when Merleau-Ponty was 3. After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil. He passed the agrégation in philosophy in 1930.
Merleau-Ponty first taught at Chartres, then became a tutor at the École Normale Supérieure, where he was awarded his doctorate on the basis of two important books: La structure du comportement (1942) and Phénoménologie de la Perception (1945).
After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952. He was awarded the Chair of Philosophy at the Collège de France from 1952 until his death in 1961, making him the youngest person to have been elected to a Chair.
Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for Les Temps Modernes from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952.
Aged 53, he died suddenly of a stroke in 1961, apparently while preparing for a class on Descartes. He was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Merleau-Ponty was born in Rochefort-sur-Mer, Charente-Maritime. His father was killed in World War 1 when Merleau-Ponty was 3. After secondary schooling at the lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, Maurice Merleau-Ponty became a student at the École Normale Supérieure, where he studied alongside Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Simone Weil. He passed the agrégation in philosophy in 1930.
Merleau-Ponty first taught at Chartres, then became a tutor at the École Normale Supérieure, where he was awarded his doctorate on the basis of two important books: La structure du comportement (1942) and Phénoménologie de la Perception (1945).
After teaching at the University of Lyon from 1945 to 1948, Merleau-Ponty lectured on child psychology and education at the Sorbonne from 1949 to 1952. He was awarded the Chair of Philosophy at the Collège de France from 1952 until his death in 1961, making him the youngest person to have been elected to a Chair.
Besides his teaching, Merleau-Ponty was also political editor for Les Temps Modernes from the founding of the journal in October 1945 until December 1952.
Aged 53, he died suddenly of a stroke in 1961, apparently while preparing for a class on Descartes. He was buried in Le Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
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Displaying 1 of 1 review
February 11, 2026
170118: this is a much later addition (3 years/3 more years): i have recently been evaluating 1) what sort, 2) who exactly, 3) which books of philosophy i have most enjoyed, and realize that though i read as determined amateur, out of love and not as student, i have read mostly according to where i started, that being Sartre, leading to 1) phenomenology (152/162), 2) of that sort somehow involving as author, subject, essays, of Merleau-Ponty (54/74), 3) of which this book is probably favourite. as i am not 'reading' as student, i actually have no pretensions of being a philosopher, i use such selections of his work as if lectures, i enjoy such to stimulate 'artistic' responses, that is my own (fictional) writing... for i have the general idea that when i can create using his (or any philosopher's) thoughts i have come closer to some understanding... now that my reading has gone on to Indic philosophy (54/95)) and feminist philosophy (56/68) and Japan-zen (32/43) and as author, subject, essays of Deleuze (23/27) and Bergson (37/54) i feel a need to think over this question of favourite philosophy texts so read again Husserl (30/34) as well: reaffirm this choice... see Merleau-Ponty as a kind of application, kind of questions, that all previous readings lead to... which does not mean I have stopped reading others...
091114 first review: this is a five. this is my favourite philosopher, of who, by whom, i have read more than any other, so even in a collection of essays and selected chapters like this- i find nothing less. these are of course translations from french, and though truly sartre is a more fluid author i find the ideas of merleau-ponty more sustaining my interest, more engaging of my thoughts, more in fact than any other phenomenologist...
after a useful editors intro, in part one there is a brief prospectus to which m-p remains faithful throughout his career. if there is a significant break or 'turn' in his thoughts, this change does not invalidate or confuse his earlier work, this is best seen as an evolution rather than rupture, this is incomplete and only at the end of his career in The Visible and the Invisible. mostly he remains consistent, though his thought does adopt and extend terminology and ideas from husserl, heidegger, disputes with sartre...
part two has selections from his first work, The Structure of Behavior, that indicate the importance he will develop from philosophical interpretations of psychology, and shows his difference from say heidegger in trying to deal with scientific knowledge, rather than refuse it, particularly in an evolutionary path from simplest forms of life, through animal life to human, on qualities of human consciousness where he does not hesitate to extrapolate from kant...
part three has extensive selections from m-p's masterwork, Phenomenology of Perception, which take up, naturally, the longest part of the book, to which i can only gesture as, well if you want to understand m-p, this is all his best work, most accessible, though his work will be unfinished, though he follows a 'tradition' that is radically different from that common to 'analytic' philosophers, though i cannot pretend to be able to summarize such writing. there is simply too much. i am simply too amateur. his preface begins with the question 'what is phenomenology?' and it really does not get easier. by now, having read more m-p than just these major works, have read on and a few by husserl, there is great pleasure in reading and recognizing some thoughts. part one of this selection is 'the body', for this is m-p's great concern, that we have in metaphysics separated the mind and the body, the cartesian dualism of 'substances' when we should allow only differences in 'style', in 'how', the mind and matter are essentially one, how this body image is not merely the physical, anatomical, 'mechanistic', which we as bare consciousness inhabit, but how this body is always, ever, where our world begins, how it precedes cartesian certainty, or maybe reverses the order- not 'i am because i think' but 'i think because i am', how there is necessary 'motility' of how we can sense the world, by movement, by focus, through our 'intentional arc'... this is his signal innovation to phenomenology inherited from husserl, beyond his 'cartesian meditations', continuing where husserl left off- the fact there is the body to fulfill his insistence that as humans, in addition to the 'tacit cogito', there must be a body that serves the 'i am', not simply a thinking cogito, but an 'i am able to', for there is 'pre-predicative' essence, there is being, there is body, before all else... part two of this selection is 'the world as perceived', how perception is other than an indefinitely extended causal process, how perception is anonymous and enveloping such that we are suffused by that sensation, that blue sky, that we are 'object' as 'subject', how 'the other' is possible and solipsism evaded... this involves 'pairing' and unavoidable perceptual faith, but i cannot claim to understand it as more than argument by analogy...
part four is for me the most abstract and difficult, in a selection from The Prose of the World, his early and incomplete form for The Visible and the Invisible- primarily because it is an argument based on math and i go into brainlock at first appearance of terms like 'algorithm'...
part five is only a few pages longer than four, a selection, a chapter, from what he was working on when he died so young- that very The Visible and the Invisible. this is the selection i had the most trouble with, and i read it twice in a row, though by now i can see this as logical extrapolation from all previous work. 'the intertwining: the chiasm' is m-p's pivotal expression of his latter work. 'the visible' is what we see, or rather in all ways sense. 'the invisible' is what we mean, or rather think in all ways. these are not in opposition but invisible 'inside' the visible but as a 'fold' and not 'nothingness'. m-p reveals struggles with his 'reversibility' theory of sensation, extending that image of 'right hand touching left hand' never coinciding, never resolved, always ambiguous, always subject always object- from tactile to visual, from touch to sight... if you ever want to test how challenging and difficult m-p can be, this is the place to look- or be looked by...
part six is two essays that could be seen as 'applications' of part five, which i had read previously in relevant collections- but this does not make them easier. this is late work, thoughts spurred by ideas, by images, of the 'chiasm'. this is art history of the most philosophical kind in 'cezanne's doubt', and theory of just what is 'doing art/art doing' in 'eye and mind'. i rec these two essays if you are at all interested in m-p...
part seven is philosophy of history seen by m-p, a rather marxist discussion of weber and the link between calvinism and capitalism...
so there is a question for me: not a new question, not a new answer- why do i read philosophy? this seems even more insistent after reading this collection, understanding some, missing much, enjoying it all. perhaps i read for the joy of thinking and thinking other thoughts. and that this is a selection, perhaps not what another editor would have chosen, not what i would have chosen, is a philosophical decision. there is the fact that in reading the reader does not actually read every letter but only a fragment of this and that one, building up what is written by following these gestures... there is the fact i hate, that some people underline or highlight lines or words that are to them important- and they are simple distraction to me... there is the fact that becomes clear to me reading essays previously read but here isolate or at least free of crowding, that these works are inexhaustible and i mean that in the best way...
well here is an answer to ‘why?’ i read philosophy: inspiration and pleasure, and as such offer these reviews to other gr readers, the inspiration primarily in my writing, the pleasure in sometimes understanding and how to share this...
200201: more Merleau-Ponty's Ontology
Phenomenology of Perception
The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting
Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology and the Realization of Philosophy
Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology: The Problem of Ideal Objects
The Phenomenological Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty
The Being of the Phenomenon: Merleau-Ponty's Ontology
The Visible and the Invisible
Merleau-Ponty's Last Vision: A Proposal for the Completion of "The Visible and the Invisible"
Deleuze, Bergson, Merleau-Ponty: The Logic and Pragmatics of Creation, Affective Life, and Perception
bonus
Ark of the Possible: The Animal World in Merleau-Ponty
091114 first review: this is a five. this is my favourite philosopher, of who, by whom, i have read more than any other, so even in a collection of essays and selected chapters like this- i find nothing less. these are of course translations from french, and though truly sartre is a more fluid author i find the ideas of merleau-ponty more sustaining my interest, more engaging of my thoughts, more in fact than any other phenomenologist...
after a useful editors intro, in part one there is a brief prospectus to which m-p remains faithful throughout his career. if there is a significant break or 'turn' in his thoughts, this change does not invalidate or confuse his earlier work, this is best seen as an evolution rather than rupture, this is incomplete and only at the end of his career in The Visible and the Invisible. mostly he remains consistent, though his thought does adopt and extend terminology and ideas from husserl, heidegger, disputes with sartre...
part two has selections from his first work, The Structure of Behavior, that indicate the importance he will develop from philosophical interpretations of psychology, and shows his difference from say heidegger in trying to deal with scientific knowledge, rather than refuse it, particularly in an evolutionary path from simplest forms of life, through animal life to human, on qualities of human consciousness where he does not hesitate to extrapolate from kant...
part three has extensive selections from m-p's masterwork, Phenomenology of Perception, which take up, naturally, the longest part of the book, to which i can only gesture as, well if you want to understand m-p, this is all his best work, most accessible, though his work will be unfinished, though he follows a 'tradition' that is radically different from that common to 'analytic' philosophers, though i cannot pretend to be able to summarize such writing. there is simply too much. i am simply too amateur. his preface begins with the question 'what is phenomenology?' and it really does not get easier. by now, having read more m-p than just these major works, have read on and a few by husserl, there is great pleasure in reading and recognizing some thoughts. part one of this selection is 'the body', for this is m-p's great concern, that we have in metaphysics separated the mind and the body, the cartesian dualism of 'substances' when we should allow only differences in 'style', in 'how', the mind and matter are essentially one, how this body image is not merely the physical, anatomical, 'mechanistic', which we as bare consciousness inhabit, but how this body is always, ever, where our world begins, how it precedes cartesian certainty, or maybe reverses the order- not 'i am because i think' but 'i think because i am', how there is necessary 'motility' of how we can sense the world, by movement, by focus, through our 'intentional arc'... this is his signal innovation to phenomenology inherited from husserl, beyond his 'cartesian meditations', continuing where husserl left off- the fact there is the body to fulfill his insistence that as humans, in addition to the 'tacit cogito', there must be a body that serves the 'i am', not simply a thinking cogito, but an 'i am able to', for there is 'pre-predicative' essence, there is being, there is body, before all else... part two of this selection is 'the world as perceived', how perception is other than an indefinitely extended causal process, how perception is anonymous and enveloping such that we are suffused by that sensation, that blue sky, that we are 'object' as 'subject', how 'the other' is possible and solipsism evaded... this involves 'pairing' and unavoidable perceptual faith, but i cannot claim to understand it as more than argument by analogy...
part four is for me the most abstract and difficult, in a selection from The Prose of the World, his early and incomplete form for The Visible and the Invisible- primarily because it is an argument based on math and i go into brainlock at first appearance of terms like 'algorithm'...
part five is only a few pages longer than four, a selection, a chapter, from what he was working on when he died so young- that very The Visible and the Invisible. this is the selection i had the most trouble with, and i read it twice in a row, though by now i can see this as logical extrapolation from all previous work. 'the intertwining: the chiasm' is m-p's pivotal expression of his latter work. 'the visible' is what we see, or rather in all ways sense. 'the invisible' is what we mean, or rather think in all ways. these are not in opposition but invisible 'inside' the visible but as a 'fold' and not 'nothingness'. m-p reveals struggles with his 'reversibility' theory of sensation, extending that image of 'right hand touching left hand' never coinciding, never resolved, always ambiguous, always subject always object- from tactile to visual, from touch to sight... if you ever want to test how challenging and difficult m-p can be, this is the place to look- or be looked by...
part six is two essays that could be seen as 'applications' of part five, which i had read previously in relevant collections- but this does not make them easier. this is late work, thoughts spurred by ideas, by images, of the 'chiasm'. this is art history of the most philosophical kind in 'cezanne's doubt', and theory of just what is 'doing art/art doing' in 'eye and mind'. i rec these two essays if you are at all interested in m-p...
part seven is philosophy of history seen by m-p, a rather marxist discussion of weber and the link between calvinism and capitalism...
so there is a question for me: not a new question, not a new answer- why do i read philosophy? this seems even more insistent after reading this collection, understanding some, missing much, enjoying it all. perhaps i read for the joy of thinking and thinking other thoughts. and that this is a selection, perhaps not what another editor would have chosen, not what i would have chosen, is a philosophical decision. there is the fact that in reading the reader does not actually read every letter but only a fragment of this and that one, building up what is written by following these gestures... there is the fact i hate, that some people underline or highlight lines or words that are to them important- and they are simple distraction to me... there is the fact that becomes clear to me reading essays previously read but here isolate or at least free of crowding, that these works are inexhaustible and i mean that in the best way...
well here is an answer to ‘why?’ i read philosophy: inspiration and pleasure, and as such offer these reviews to other gr readers, the inspiration primarily in my writing, the pleasure in sometimes understanding and how to share this...
200201: more Merleau-Ponty's Ontology
Phenomenology of Perception
The Merleau-Ponty Aesthetics Reader: Philosophy and Painting
Merleau-Ponty's Existential Phenomenology and the Realization of Philosophy
Merleau-Ponty's Phenomenology: The Problem of Ideal Objects
The Phenomenological Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty
The Being of the Phenomenon: Merleau-Ponty's Ontology
The Visible and the Invisible
Merleau-Ponty's Last Vision: A Proposal for the Completion of "The Visible and the Invisible"
Deleuze, Bergson, Merleau-Ponty: The Logic and Pragmatics of Creation, Affective Life, and Perception
bonus
Ark of the Possible: The Animal World in Merleau-Ponty
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