I have been reading books about the Nazi's since I was a schoolboy (to give you an idea of how long that was the books I was reading were (amongst others) 'The Causes of the Second Wotld War' by A.J.P. Taylor, 'The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich' by William Shirer, and 'Hitler a Study in Tyranny' by Alan Bullock, yet it is only now reading Wittstock's brilliant 'February 1933' that the real brevity of the time it took for Hitler, and his associates, to demolish not simply democracy, but the entire legal apparatus that underwrote individual liberty in Germany. Hitler had more untrammeled power than any Prussian king or Holy Roman Emperor.
Although this brilliant book examines the time between Hitler's election on January 30th and the elimination of constitutional protections and guarantees (of which more later) after the Reichstag fire through the lives of writers like Heinrich and Thomas, Erika and Klaus Mann, Alfred Doblin, Bertoldt Brecht and Else Lasker-Schuler (see my footnote *1 below) they are not the only ones here there is also those like Carl von Ossietzky (who would go onto win the 1935 Nobel peace prize) and Carl Egon Kisch (the journalist who had revealed Colonel Alfred Redl's betrayal of Austro-Hungarian military secrets), Willi Munzenberger (the great publishing magnate) and many, many, other ordinary men and women who found themselves facing a nightmare which their own countrymen and the rest of the world quickly ignored, belittled, forgot, denied or excused.
It is good to reminded on January 30th Hitler and the other Nazis, along with their enbablers like von Papen, were swearing oaths to respect the democracry and the Weimar constitution, the same constitution and institutions president Hindenberg had sworn to uphold when elected. Yet four weeks later with two pieces of legislation, Decree of the Reich President for the Defense of People and State and Decree Against Betrayal of the German People and High Treasonous Machinations, all important fundamental rights are abolished:
"...there are no more limits on state sanctioned abuses. The freedoms of speech, press, association and assembly, confidentiality of mail and telephone, and the inviolability of home and property are abrogated. Add to these the rights of personal freedom: from this point onwards the police can arrest anyone at its discretion, extend prison terms without restrictions, and prohibit detainees' contact with their families or attorneys...Furthermore...(now) the Reich government (has) the right to absorb the powers of all the states in the Reich. Federalism is thereby also eliminated." (page 183)
Historians and others now and in the past have often referred to democracy as a newly planted in Germany with shallow roots and poor soil. But the rule of law was not new to Germany. The Holy Roman Empire was an empire above all an empire of laws. Democracy is always a delicate flower if those charged with protecting it are determined to trample it (please see my footnote *2 below). It also makes me wonder why all the oaths these men swore were less important or binding then the ones later sworn to Adolf Hitler?
I think anyone interested in this period should read this book, it is revelatory not because what it says is unknown or new but because it is too easily forgotten. Of course the larger truth is that Hitler didn't destroy the Weimar constitution or Weimar laws alone, he had enablers. Papen may have been found not guilty of the Nuremberg Court's silly indictments but he and so many others were guilty of bringing Hitler to power. It is useful to be reminded, as Mr. Wittstock reminds us, of the ordinary Germans who stood up against the Nazis and suffered and died.
A frightening portrait of a frightening time which doesn't seem anywhere near as remote as it should.
*1 I couldn't help thinking of the Else Lasker-Schuler of twenty years previous who is brought to life so brilliantly in Florian Illies '1913'.
*2 In my only direct reference to the current (September 2024) political situation I would remind everyone that when vice president Pence was running around like a headless chicken ready to cave into Donald Trump's pressure not to certify the election it was former Vice President Dan Quayle, a man famous for being unable to spell potato, who convinced him to do the right thing:
“Over and over, Pence asked if there was anything he could do. ‘Mike, you have no flexibility on this. None. Zero. Forget it. Put it away,’ Quayle told him. Pence pressed again. ‘You don’t know the position I’m in,’ he said. ‘I do know the position you’re in,’ Quayle responded. ‘I also know what the law is. You listen to the parliamentarian. That’s all you do. You have no power.’
That democracy and constitutional survival in the USA depended on Dan Quayle it shows that they are always, and everywhere, dangerously vulnerable.