Paul French’s latest work Her Lotus Year examines Wallis Simpson’s transformative year in 1920s China, offering a compelling counter-narrative to the scandal driven accounts that have long overshadowed her life. Through meticulous research and a sharp focus on providing a historical context, French challenges the tabloid portrayals of Wallis and her activities there. Instead, he offers a nuanced portrait of a woman navigating the challenges faced by foreign women in China, the struggles of escaping an abusive marriage, and her journey of personal reinvention during a turbulent era. This book follows her footsteps “…discovering her experiences of Hong Kong’s Kowloon district, Canton’s Shameen Island, the Shanghai Bund, or Peking’s ancient hutongs.”
Studying the history of China in the 1920s is crucial for understanding the political and social upheavals that shaped the country's trajectory toward revolution and modernisation. This period, marked by the decline of the Qing dynasty and the rise of the Nationalist and Communist movements, laid the foundations for many of the key events in 20th-century Chinese history. At the heart of French’s narrative is a provocative question: was Wallis Simpson a courier for the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence? French explores the plausibility of this claim, tracing her movements through incredibly dangerous situations and her meetings with important officials. He carefully considers how such connections were crucial in explaining her ability to secure available hotel rooms, afford it, and receive special treatment, including being welcomed and escorted by both American and British officers. He dismisses prior biographers for indulging in gossip and scandal rather than serious inquiry, deftly reconstructing her journeys across a China rife with banditry, warlord conflicts, and disease. By situating Wallis within the vibrant but precarious colonial enclaves of the time, French illuminates a world of treaty ports, crumbling governance, and cultural convergence often overlooked in royal histories.
One of the book’s central themes is the deeply ingrained misogyny and Orientalism that shaped perceptions of Western women in Asia. Wallis’s story underscores how stereotypes of expatriate women—rooted in "yellow peril" fears and moralistic judgments—led to absurd accusations, such as claims linking her to pornographic photos supposedly taken by Sir Victor Sassoon, a Jewish businessman who wasn’t even in China at the time. French reviews these Sino phobic and anti-Semitic narratives, contrasting them with evidence of Wallis’s resourcefulness and adaptability in funding her travels. The secretive nature of her work only allowed accusations of sex work and drug abuse to flourish. Her possible role as an unpaid or underpaid courier for U.S. intelligence highlights the often-overlooked contributions of women to military and diplomatic efforts, even as societal norms relegated them to supporting roles. While not the main focus of this biography, French also profiles many other Western women who live and worked (sometimes publishing under a male name!) in China at the time.
French sensitively examines the gendered constraints of Wallis’s time. Her abusive marriage to a U.S. Navy officer exemplifies the limited agency afforded to diplomatic and military wives, whose lives were inextricably tied to their husbands’ careers. Through empathetic storytelling, French celebrates Wallis’s resilience and eventual escape to the intellectual and cultural vibrancy of Shanghai and Beijing. Her ventures into (successful) gambling and art sales, reveal her determination to carve out a sense of autonomy in an environment where formal employment for foreign women was scarce. Wallis’s later relationship with Alberto da Zara, an Italian naval officer, was brief but significant in her social trajectory. Similarly, the book outlines the wealthy friends who were happy to provide her with accommodation and a living while she attempted to sort out an American divorce from within China. I particularly enjoyed the vivid descriptions of how her courtyard home was decorated. The later sections which include numerous dinner parties, provide an excellent introduction to Chinese writers and intellectuals, offering a glimpse into life in the more affluent hutongs.
Later chapters capture the breath-taking beauty and cultural richness of her surroundings, from morning rides atop the Tartar Wall to explorations of hidden temples and bustling markets. These moments of discovery and wonder are juxtaposed with the harsh realities of living in China during this time. I especially enjoyed the descriptions of the changing seasons in the countryside and what city life would have smelled and sounded like. The author took the time to verify the specific Black Dragon Temple that Wallis stayed in, greatly enhancing the historical accuracy and depth of the descriptions. While previous biographers seemed to overlook the importance of pinpointing the exact temple, this detail is crucial for understanding Wallis’ story and its connection to China’s history. Far from a period of moral decay, Wallis’s time in China emerges as one of profound transformation—a year that left her more sophisticated, worldly, and unshakably herself. I love a story of personal reinvention arising out of trauma, described here as:
“It was a year that would affect her in significant ways. She discovered she could mix easily in sophisticated international company, where the conversation was immeasurably more interesting than the middle-class Baltimore dining rooms or drab US naval base society she had known previously. Over the course of her stay, she would develop a lifelong appreciation of traditional Chinese style and aesthetics, developing the exquisite taste for which she became renowned.”
In revealing Wallis Simpson’s overlooked experiences, French critiques the enduring racism, sexism, and Orientalist tropes that have distorted her legacy. His narrative is not just a biography, but also a broader commentary on the privileges enjoyed by wealthy Western women in China, as well as the challenges they faced. Closing on a bittersweet note, Her Lotus Year reflects on Wallis’s sumptuous highs and harrowing lows, offering a compassionate and richly textured account of her life.
Some may critique his reliance on secondary sources for descriptions, but as someone who has also visited and lived in the locations described in the book a century later, I found the contrasts fascinating. It was intriguing to imagine how Wallis might have travelled, dined, or explored compared to the present day. While much has changed, elements like the historic hotels and iconic treats such as "candied hawthorns on sticks" or "boiled sweet potatoes" continue to resonate with modern travellers.
French demonstrates extensive knowledge of the fiction and memoirs from the time of Wallis's stay, skilfully weaving these elements into the narrative to provide added context, vivid descriptions, and a touch of humour. For readers interested in royal history, expatriate life, or China’s history, this is an essential read. Her Lotus Year stands as both a corrective to lazy historical stereotypes and a celebration of Wallis’s resilience, intelligence, and enduring complexity.