Ownership: The Evangelical Legacy of Slavery in Edwards, Wesley, and Whitefield

by Sean McGever

Men of their time?

Jonathan Edwards, John Wesley, and George Whitefield were the three most prominent early evangelicals—and all three were deeply compromised on the issue of slavery. Edwards and Whitefield both kept slaves themselves, and Wesley failed to speak out against slavery until near the end of his life.

In Ownership, Sean McGever tells the true story of these men's relationships to a story that has too often been passed over or buried in scholarly literature. Laying out the dominant attitudes among Christians toward slavery at the time, McGever sets these "men of their times" in their own context, inviting us to learn how these shapers of American evangelicalism contributed to the tragic history of racism in America. He also explores how Christians finally began to recognize that slavery, which they'd excused for most of Christian history, is actually wrong. It's a story that white evangelicals must wrestle with today.

Ownership is more than a book of history. It's an invitation to examine our own legacies and to understand—and take ownership of—both our heritage and our own part in the story.

Genres: History, Nonfiction, Christian, Biography, Church History, Politics, Spirituality

240 pages, Paperback

Published June 18, 2024

About the author

Sean McGever (PhD, University of Aberdeen) is an Area Director for Young Life in Phoenix, Arizona, and an adjunct faculty at Grand Canyon University. He speaks, teaches, and ministers across the United States, Canada, and the UK.

Reviews

[Persis · Rating 5 out of 5]

I listened to the audio, which was riveting, but I want to reread with a print copy so I can underline.

But on first listening, this is a challenging book. The reader is confronted with the egregious blind spots of “heroes” of the faith and the history of slavery and racism in America. The author does not demonize, but neither does he make excuses. There are no neat categories of heroes and villains to make our wrestling with the past easier.

I admit that Whitefield is tarnished more in my mind than the other 2 men. He was so focused on his mission of an orphanage in Georgia that he was blind to the human beings he harmed in the process personally and by lobbying for the institution of slavery in that colony. The dissonance between offering the gospel and yet not lifting a finger to improve the quality of life - freedom from enslavement - is an ugly example of “go in peace, be warmed and filled.” This attitude was the norm for most professing Christians of the time. But God doesn’t exempt any era from the command to love one’s neighbor as one’s self.

I’m glad the book goes beyond what we do with these men and their legacy. We need to examine how easily we are swept along by the culture and time we inhabit, how willing or unwilling we are to ask questions of the status quo, how willing or unwilling we are to hear voices outside of our tribes and echo chambers.

I highly recommend Ownership.

[Blake · Rating 5 out of 5]

It is beyond important to rightfully examine not only own past, but the past of those we hold in esteem. McGever describes in detail the shortcomings of Whitfield, Wesley, and Edwards in terms of both their actions (or inaction) and also attitudes toward the institution of slavery.

The final chapters are extremely important in not only in reviewing failures of these men, but also in reviewing our failures of sin, and reflections of our own influences and upbringing.

4.75/5

[Darcy · Rating 5 out of 5]

Whenever someone saw I was reading McGever’s book, Ownership: The Evangelical Legacy of Slavery in Edwards, Wesley, and Whitefield, the response was almost identical. Eyes got a little big. A pause. Them something along the lines of “Well, that’s awfully heavy.” It was as if people were constantly wondering why I would want to “put myself through” the reading of such a book. It says a lot about the necessity of this work and the difficulty such a book will have in gaining a hearing. But a hearing it must gain.

While I do not want to steal McGever’s thunder, the incredible detail and nuance of his biographical analysis of these three founders of North American evangelicalism is done respectfully while also maintaining a commitment to rigorous historical research.

It is uncomfortable to read. If it weren’t, there’d be something wrong. McGever’s is not out to malign these men or evangelicalism. But, neither is he interested in excusing or explaining away their support and, in two cases, active participation in slavery. Instead, as a white evangelical he seeks to help other white evangelicals, in particular, face the reality of our history and wrestle through the hard questions this history stirs up. His approach invites the reader to consider the full complexity of the lives of Edwards, Wesley, and Whitefield. And, by so doing, McGever challenges the reader to consider our own lives and, through a series of provocative questions, explore how we live with the reality of our own mixed legacies.

In the end, this is a must-read work in the age of “cancel culture” and pushes the reader to a deeper and profoundly uncomfortable journey that we must take if we are to honestly pray for God’s kingdom to come on earth as it is in heaven.

[Janejellyroll · Rating 5 out of 5]

I am not a Christian, but I am someone who is very interested in the moral "blind spots" we may have. History shows us that many otherwise decent people do things that would horrify us today and, as McGever points out, it's silly for us to think that future generations won't be astonished by some of the things that we condone today. His specific interest is in how three prominent early evangelicals approached chattel slavery. Edwards and Whitefield both owned other humans. Wesley's opposed slavery, but only towards the end of his life.

Without ever excusing their profound failures, McGever explores the world into which these men were born. The end result is that we may be prompted to think about how the world we were born into may be leading us to faulty moral conclusions (and in fact, this prompting is made explicit in the final chapter, which is designed for Christian reflection, but also gave me a great deal to think about).

I think the target audience -- white evangelical Christians -- will find this book both interesting and useful, especially if their spiritual or intellectual life hasn't included much reflection on slavery, race, or discrimination. But even if you fall outside this group, you may find this book worthwhile. McGever is a good writer, has an excellent understanding of the lives of these fascinating men, and the topic is something I think we all could benefit from thinking about.

I received a copy of this book from Net Galley.

[Lisa · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is an excellent example of connecting academic scholarship to a strong “so what”. McGever covers what we know about the ideas on slavery of 3 men who have shaped Christianity in the USA. He covers how they changed over time and exactly when and how their relationships and contexts shaped them. He goes on to share that these men did very little to help shape Freedom or care for Black folks in the Atlantic world. But also, they did evolve over time and we have to take them as a whole, and not just in parts. He doesn’t pull punches and he asks great questions about what it means to have such a heritage in one’s religious tradition. It’s easy to read and really clear explanation of how sources are used and what the implications are.

[Robert Terrell · Rating 5 out of 5]

This was excellent. Great historical account that also ends by asking what ownership we personally now have.

[Montgomery Loehlein · Rating 4 out of 5]

I enjoyed learning this history. This book grew my appreciation for Wesley, and made me more leery of Whitfield. It’s a little repetitive at times.

[Adam Shields · Rating 4 out of 5]

Summary: An exercise in discernment by exploring the legacy of three Christians of the same era and their relationship to slavery. 

I read Ownership by Sean McGever with an eye on how he handles the topic of discernment, even though the word discernment was not the focus. Over the past year, I have read about a dozen books on discernment, trying to grapple with the purpose and limitations of Christian discernment. One of the reasons for starting this project was reading Henri Nouwen’s book Discernment and how he grappled with discernment for himself. I am not going to rehash that post again, but while Nouwen received spiritual guidance and help from a pair of priests, after the death of all three and about ten years after the book was published, it became more widely known that the two priests that Nouwen confided in were serial sexual and spiritual abusers. Nouwen described them as some of the most holy men he had known. Nouwen's discernment about those men is a good reminder of the limitations of our discernment, but also that historical judgment and tools can be helpful as a means of helping to see our natural limitations of perspective.

McGever makes the simple but important point that our geographic and social location impacts our decision-making (and discernment) because it impacts how we see choices. None of Edwards, Whitfield, or Wesley's grandparents owned slaves because the slave trade was not yet in wide effect. However, the difference between whether their grandchildren owned slaves was significantly impacted by whether they were in England or the US. Geography and social location always impact choices.

In his discussion of Whitfield’s creation of the orphanage, he presents Whitfield’s positive reasons for doing so. There were orphans, and those orphans needed care. The colony administrators were willing to give the orphanage start-up land and some start-up money. Whitfield and the colony administrators assumed that the orphanage would be self-sufficient after the initial startup.

My day job is as a non-profit consultant. One trend in non-profit grant-making since the early 2000s is that there needs to be a plan for sustainability as part of a grant. But non-profits, by definition, are not profit-making organizations. After-school programs do not generate revenue if they are primarily serving at-risk students. Clinics serving homeless youth don’t make money on the side without violating the organization's main mission. But this is exactly the problem that Whitfield got into.

Whitfield needed to make money by finding a crop or business that the orphanage could do to pay for the ongoing costs of running the orphanage. They started with White indentured servants. Then, they started relying on the orphans themselves to do labor on cash crops. Eventually, Whitfield and the administrators lobbied to change the law of the state of Georgia so that they could have African slaves work to make the orphanage self-supporting.

On Twitter the other day, there was a thread about how ethical choices don’t just need ethical ends but also need ethical means to get to those ends. Whitfield had ethical ends (care of orphans), but once in the weeds of the organization, he eventually moved to unethical means because the ethical means he tried hadn’t worked. This is often where discernment falters because when things seem not to be working but you still feel called to continue, there is a temptation to move to unethical means or change our ethics to allow for what we previously considered unethical.

I think you can summarize this argument about Whitfield’s change in understanding of slavery as his theology changed because of his economic interests, not that his theology influenced his economic interests. This generally fits with the arguments of a wide variety of others. Edward Baptist studies the economics of slavery and thinks that the justification and expansion of slavery were largely a result of the economic success of slavery. Joel McDurmon, a lawyer studying the legal construction of slave law in Christian American colonies, largely concludes that economic interests drove legal changes, not that legal changes led to economic results. Akhil Reed Amar, a constitutional scholar writing about the US Constitution and slavery, points out that those opposed to slavery had many opportunities to oppose the expansion of slavery, but for the most part, their economic interests meant that they opposed slavery as an ideology, but they did not put feet to those beliefs and because it was against their economics interests.

Jonathan Edwards, until recently, was not evaluated for owning slaves. Within the past couple of decades, as interest in Edwards has increased, there have been recent documents that have raised questions about his understanding of slavery. Edwards does seem to have changed his views toward the insinuation of slavery, but not owning slaves. He bought at least one slave directly from a slave ship but eventually came to view the slave trade as immoral, but not slavery as a whole. There was some change, but not much.

The third subject is John Wesley. Wesley did come to an abolitionist position, but not until near the end of his life. He was slightly older than both Edwards and Whitfield but lived about two decades longer than both. Wesley had direct experience with slavery when he was in Georgia and was familiar with the institution of slavery more abstractly before that point. He argued for the education, especially Christian education, of slaves but not initially against the institution of slavery as a whole. Wesley did challenge Whitfield about owning slaves but did not break the relationship over slavery and argued against ending the institution of slavery.

McGever believes, and I think he is right, that had Wesley grown up in America or come to America for a longer time, Wesley may have also eventually owned slaves and never come to his late-in-life abolitionist position. Had Edwards or Whitfield lived longer or had different social circumstances, they may have come to similar conclusions as Wesley did later in life. Our social circumstances do not excuse our individual choices, but they do influence them.

I think many reading this book may not be aware of the basic facts in the first 80 percent of the book. So, that initial 80 percent is important to lay out the facts that McGever is dealing with to get to the main focus in the last 20 percent. In the last 20 percent of the book, there is an evaluation of how to think about the three, not just as a historically distant evaluator but as a Christian who shares in the legacy of all three. McGever directly tries to help us, as modern readers, see ourselves in all three. He is trying to help us see that we all have the capacity to have cultural blind spots, but we also can overcome those cultural blindspots by listening to others and history.

Quakers and others of this era strongly resisted slavery and not only worked toward its end but also made financial and other sacrifices because of their Christian convictions. More than the other two, Wesley was willing to listen to this minority report and learn from it. But it did take Wesley years to change, and even while he did change, his change was late enough that some of the institutional inertia of Methodism did not oppose slavery and did not fight for the full humanity of Black Christians, especially in the US, leading to the eventual split of Methodism and the institutional dehumanization of its Black members, as illustrated by Richard Allen and Absolum Jones.

I would have liked to have an explicit discussion of discernment and the ways that historical events and understanding can inform Christian discernment, but even without an explicit discussion of discernment, I think that this is a helpful exercise that will lead to better discernment for those willing to read and understand what Sean McGever is trying to do here.

This post was originally posted on my blog at https://bookwi.se/ownership/

[Cara Meredith · Rating 4 out of 5]

Super fascinating, both when it comes to delving into the history of white evangelicalism and into the much-ignored subject within that of slavery. Even if I’m not the intended audience (read: white evangelical male), it’s still worth a look.

[Ethan · Rating 5 out of 5]

Christendom finds itself confronted with many challenges in terms of its legacy. One especially heinous aspects of that legacy was the implicit acceptance of, or even outright participation in, the system of chattel slavery developed in the Americas in the early modern period.

This reckoning proves especially necessary among the conservative Protestant/Evangelical camps, especially in regard to many of those whom they deem to be their champions and heroes of the faith.

Sean McGever reckons well with that legacy in Ownership: The Evangelical Legacy of Slavery in Edwards, Wesley, and Whitefield (galley received as part of early review program).

The author well focused on these three people on account of their ongoing influence in Evangelicalism: the Reformed remain entranced with Edwards’ theological expositions, Wesley was often championed for his later antislavery views and lauded as a catalyst for abolition, and Whitefield is recognized as one of the most prolific - and prolifically successful - preachers of all time, and no doubt influenced the practice of preaching before multitudes which has proven pervasive ever since.

The author approaches these issues with appropriate humility, integrity, but also moral fervency. In their own way each character ends up embodying certain trends and tendencies.

John Wesley was born first and lived longest. The author profiles Wesley in terms of what made him influential and prominent and in terms of the issue of slavery. The author takes Wesley down many notches in terms of his anti-slavery advocacy: he well demonstrated how Wesley had firsthand experiences of American chattel slavery many decades before his anti-slavery agitation, and at that time did not seem nearly as morally bothered by it. Wesley thus represents the “person of the age” who accepted chattel slavery as just part of the order of things until he came into contact with those who made forceful arguments against its inhumanity and its practice. The author shows how Wesley was thus influenced by many prominent Quaker antislavery advocates. Yes, Wesley’s tract against slavery in 1774 would prove a lightning rod and would be part of what catalyzed the abolitionist movement, but it came toward the end of Wesley’s life and did not seem to reflect his attitudes much earlier than it. Wesley’s change of heart is commendable; but it took quite a while.

The author well demonstrates how slavery was just part of Jonathan Edwards’ world. His parents owned a couple of slaves; he would own a couple of slaves; he would give his slaves as part of his inheritance to his children. He did not find it morally objectionable. The application of what Edwards would preach would not make an impact on Edwards himself, but it would on his son who would become an antislavery agitator. One cannot extricate Edwards from the legacy of white supremacy and slavery. The author did well at showing how one can still appreciate his contributions to theology while confessing and lamenting how he had no moral scruple about owning human beings. His son’s departure from his position belies any attempt to excuse Edwards as a “man of his time.”

George Whitefield’s example is perhaps the most distressing. The author well demonstrated how Whitefield found slavery morally problematic until he needed money and support in order to realize his great dream of establishing an orphanage in the colony of Georgia. It is hard to reconcile how Whitefield could have justified such evil in his attempt at doing something which, at least in theory, was laudable and honorable, supporting orphans by means of the unpaid labor of many Black people.

One thing I appreciated about the author throughout was his attempts at emphasizing the humanity of the slaves owned by Edwards and Whitefield and his ability to maintain moral horror at their behaviors. Far too often their affirmation of chattel slavery is admitted and passed over with almost clinical disembodiment and distance, trying to “sanitize” what ought to be deeply distressing and troubling. The author will not allow you to justify, rationalize, or look away.

I’m sure many will deride the author and his work as “woke,” but it is anything but. Many will attempt to deflect by suggesting the author would want to eliminate or “cancel” these men of the faith, but such would prove fallacious: the author desires to do anything but. The author wants Evangelicals to honor the legacy of what these men said and did. But you cannot celebrate them for their virtues and attempt to diminish or suppress their vices in commending, neglecting, and/or profiting from chattel slavery and prove honest with them and their legacy. Ownership goes a long way for White Evangelicalism to properly grapple with the dark side of their heroes.

[Brice Montgomery · Rating 4 out of 5]

Thanks to NetGalley and IVP for the ARC!

Sean McGever’s Ownership is an effective exploration of Christianity’s complicated history with slavery, appropriately more concerned with a reckoning than a reconciliation.

The author provides detailed portraits of John Wesley, John Edwards, and George Whitefield, examining how their lives were largely marked by ambivalent or worse—actively pro-slavery—stances. The result is a book that feels like a necessary contrast to the endless, “Yes, but think of all the good they did” takes that populate evangelical thought. I found the section on Edwards particularly interesting, as he argued for a kind of class-based hierarchy even in heaven.

There are no tired justifications here. McGever refuses to play into the many simplifications people fall back on, such as the argument that “Biblical slavery was different," or that “the Bible condemns slavery.” Instead, his research leads him deeper into the issue, noting that the Bible was an active point of contention for abolitionists, and even early Christians—like Augustine—who thought slaves were mistreated still thought liberation was wrong. The issue, McGever argues, was rarely ignorance—it was willful oversight. Wisely, the author is also quick to point out that early abolitionist movements by Quakers were initiated by enslaved people themselves.

I admire McGever’s take here, which invites readers to reflect on their own complicity. If historical figures were willing to ignore such glaringly problematic beliefs, what are comparable modern issues that people will be ashamed of in the future? How can people proactively take accountability for the present before it becomes the past? This is where the legacy of John Wesley becomes instructive. For the majority of his life, he was passive about slavery before eventually speaking out against it. It was, of course, much later than it should have been, but it was still a conscious pivot from how he had lived his life.

The end of the book is perhaps a bit too tidy, but maybe it needs to be for people to take action. Ultimately, Ownership is a call for readers to view legacy—even ugly legacy—as a starting point for action, taking and ascribing accountability as necessary.

[Dave Brown · Rating 5 out of 5]

The author analyzes how John Wesley changed his opinion on the morality of the institution of slavery later in life and contrasts Evangelical contemporaries George Whitfield and Jonathan Edwards who both owned and justified the enslavement of Black Africans in that era. Careful in his historical presentation, he details the atrocities of both the international slave trade and the cruelties endured by the enslaved and Edwards's and Whitefield's acceptance of and personal use of the institution. Wesley had the benefit of outliving both Edwards and Whitefield and became convinced to speak up as the Abolitionist movement, spurred on by Quakers and others in the 1770s, took off. Interestingly, Wesley did not then use Scripture to oppose slavery but instead used ideas from natural law and reasoning, leaving the scriptural debate to others. Wesley had the advantage of time to change his perspective and to speak up at the right moment.

The author concludes with suggestions to promote readers personal growth in understanding issues, noting we all develop our understandings. We are not the same people we were 10 or 20 years ago. He encourages reflective assessments with a series of questions and notes his own evolution in some areas.This could be a great text for group discussion to understand how developing theology can impact our own growth and witness in today's world.

I first listened to the audio which is very well done. I realized though I had to have a print copy for the footnotes and references as this subject has become a matter of study for me. I have found the popular Evangelical apologetic on slavery unsatisfactory and this book is the first honest presentation on slavery from an Evangelical perspective I've encountered. Highly recommended.

[Moises Romero · Rating 5 out of 5]

I deeply appreciate the effort and time that must have gone into compiling such an immense amount of information regarding the historical Christian Evangelical figures. I had an intimidation with the cover because I know of the individuals but only enough to know I have much to learn regarding their lives and influence, let alone their experiences with slavery.

This was an especially refreshing read in particular due to the graceful way in which the author depicts and discusses the shortcomings and accomplishments of Edwards, Whitefield, and Wesley. The topic of slavery and the situations discussed in the book can raise frustration, disgust, and shame regarding prime figures in our modern Christian faith. However, the author also points us to Christ as Lord being able to work immeasurably more through us, and outside of us, today as much as He did in the scriptures and throughout history. I enjoyed being challenged with this read to look into the past and present figures, events, and unchosen circumstances that inform my own opinions and perspectives.

As a non-biblical scholar, simply someone seeking unity, growth, and reconciliation in Christ, I highly recommend this book!

[Jacob O'connor · Rating 4 out of 5]

What if your heroes ain't so heroic?

Remember a few years ago when the college kids were tearing down all the Confederate statues? There's an anecdote early in Ownership. McGever tells of one such occasion when the University of Pennsylvania removed a statue that had been standing for over a hundred years. The statue was of George Whitfield. Why? For the very reason as the Confederate statues. Our moral sense cannot stomach the championing of known racists. Known slaveholders, and the revered evangelical hero George Whitfield fits that very bill. As does Jonathan Edwards and John Wesley. I've read a fair bit of Edwards, and this came as a surprise.

If you're reading this, you're probably an evangelical. Your impulse will likely be to make excuses, or to say (reasonably) than men should be judged according to their times. If so, I encourage you to read Ownership. It's a challenging message, but consider how often Christians have failed to get the biggest issues of their time right.

[Bev · Rating 5 out of 5]

I came upon this book by chance while studying the Christian response to the Nazi regime and it has given me so much understanding about the way in which Christians can become willing to conflate our current culture with our faith in Christ, often seeing them as one and the same. Nothing could be further from the truth. The enslavement of others was validated by many of the most valued and lauded Christian figures in the era of slavery, many seeing the acquiring of slaves as being an aspect of the blessing of God. Horrifyingly, we continue to see the blending of the ungodly with the godly in our 21st century values.

This book is very well written and tremendously insightful. It will change not only your perspective on the lives of many of our Christian ‘heroes’ but will also give greater understanding of the issues the Church is up against today as we battle nationalism that masquerades as faith in Christ.

[Mandy Stevens · Rating 4 out of 5]

A challenging and heavy look into the true history of many evangelical fathers of faith. I wanted to read this book so I could enrich my knowledge of what evangelical Christianity did or didn’t do in light of slavery and the trafficking of humans. It was at times difficult to process, just how dark and un-Christlike Christian culture really was.

If I could give any advice it would be to read chapter 12 when starting and finishing this book. It’s such a powerful perspective and challenge to the reader. I think it sets the precedent for how to move forward and take ownership of our history and ownership of our current responsibilities as Christ followers.

[Caleb Campbell · Rating 5 out of 5]

Sean McGever's book, "Ownership: The Evangelical Legacy of Slavery in Edwards, Wesley, and Whitefield," dives into the ways that some of the key leaders in early evangelicalism compromised and either endorsed or displayed apathy towards slavery.

By courageously confronting these brutal historical truths, McGever's book offers a resource for those of us grappling with the failures of those who came before us, and reconciling the catastrophic moral failures of public church leaders today. As a follower of Jesus and local church pastor, I highly recommend this book!

[Steve Wegman · Rating 4 out of 5]

McGever exposes a dark side of the history of these giants of modern Christianity. Edwards and Whitefield owned slaves, and Wesley didn't renounce slavery until he was an old man. I've read a fair amount about all three but don't remember hearing about their relationship with slavery until this book.

They were men of their times, so while it's easy to condemn, it's important to remember that history may judge us harshly as well, we just don't know what for (or maybe we do).

[Amber K. · Rating 5 out of 5]

"Ownership" is a thought-provoking book. It takes on the uncomfortable truths about the history of slavery in Christianity and what this means for modern Christians. McGever skillfully connects historical analysis with personal reflection and anecdotes, showing that the past should not be forgotten but viewed as a foundation that influences current ways of thinking. This encourages readers to reflect on the injustices they might be failing to notice within their own beliefs.

[Tom · Rating 5 out of 5]

A very readable history off the troubled relationship evangelicals had with slavery and segregation. It explores the roots of the failure of evangelicals to denounce the institution, along with the factors that led many later evangelicals into the abolitionist camp. The book is thorough, well researched, and compassionately clear-eyed about the flaws of these three influential leaders. It holds lessons for us today in our tendency to have cultural blind spots. I highly recommend it.

[Joel Wentz · Rating 4 out of 5]

An excellent and careful historical study with specific parameters and goals. One of the best short books on the subject I have come across (though I actually wish a few chapters were a bit longer!).

Full video review here: https://youtu.be/z8vgfQ479TA

[Karen · Rating 5 out of 5]

I appreciated how the author considered the historical setting for these men’s beliefs. I especially was challenged by the last chapter’s encouragement to consider our own blind spots in our legacies.

[Ryan Watkins · Rating 4 out of 5]

A very informative book about how slavery has been viewed throughout church history with a specific emphasis on Jonathan Edwards, George Whitfield, and John Wesley. I don’t necessarily agree with everything but it’s worth reading.

[erica · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book is fantastic! It looks at the history of slavery with Christianity. As a Christian, it was very informative and interesting to read! Loved it!

[Barb · Rating 4 out of 5]

Certainly an eye-opening book.

[Luci · Rating 5 out of 5]

Excellent, thought-provoking, historical, and heartbreaking.

[Melissa]

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[Nicholas Pokorny · Rating 5 out of 5]

A wonderful use of primary sources to show what prominent pastors in American Christianity believed about slavery.

[Adam Saatkamp · Rating 5 out of 5]

A must read for evangelicals today.

[Teresa · Rating 5 out of 5]

A balanced and well-researched book. Avoids the pitfalls of either hero worship or demonizing/cancelling. History done right.

Audiobook.