The second collection (of three) of Landolfi's stories translated to English: It's dedication is to bring to a wider audience the author's more important works from the 60's.
Forget for an instant the notion of seeing the blade as a sword that is to be compared to the pen, entirely abandon it for long enough to in its place absorb the idea of the author with knife in hand, plying his trade, carving his creation. A blade is of course a mirror, and reflection does depend on perception; an eye is required and it in turn requires a perceiver, a seer. Granted all of this, only one side of the blade may be perceived at any given time and therefore only one side can be the reflector, and the opposing side is therefore inevitably in umbra, the realm of the obscured, of that which can only be imagined. The idea I have provided is thus that of the imaginer and the imagined, the tool that conjuncts them, and by inference the furrows that reveal to the world that imagination was plied here.
That this idea would include a knife, and of course its wielder, is not coincidental. To properly introduce the writings of Landolfi one must somehow invoke certain dark concepts, without which the author's chiaroscuro staging of humanity cannot be recreated: To read this collection is to expose yourself to a feeling of beholding something harmful or malicious, at least potentially so. Even an unfortunate grip of a butter knife's handle holds associations with mortality and other deeply spiritual problems. There is a sense of the situation that it is one of the highest importance – firstly, one may consider whether death is a likely result, then one questions why this is important and being rewarded with disheartening or downright cruel answers (what value has a mere human life after all?), finally one must reach a flawed response based on the time-constrained and panicked deliberations one has made – but if the blade never moves or is set aside, the situation was mistaken, that is not the end of it: the thoughts have been evoked and in the following pensive hours the human mind paints its chiaroscuro images, forming conclusions our mental health would have been better off without. This is how the life of a Landolfian protagonist works, and he leaves his readers feeling like they are amongst hem.
Landolfi is a master of the dissonanced mind. It features in so many of his stories, how one side of a protagonists emotions and thoughts is being qualified and challenged by another, creating a third way where the compromise is, by perceived necessity, a cloven-hoofed one. For instance, love when opposed by a feeling of inadequacy turns, as this author carves it, to the urge to shame the adored subject:
There are such beautiful women; in whom the natural instinct of display is turned about and converted into a modesty which is as fierce and sensitive as it is unjustified, and in direct proportion to the degree of their beauty.
She was tall, blond, of foreign birth; her name was Gisa. Nobody knew of or even imagined her having affairs; her suitors' cravings were therefore devoid of all salaciousness, they were elementary, even pure. Not only that, but singularly limited: by virtue of something in her, each man dreamed of undressing her, true enough, but the lewd fantasies never went any further. In a word, by general consensus, what mattered was to see her naked; all the rest mattered much less; or, on the contrary, all the rest figured as a means and token of revenge (to have her standing before him naked, and then to disdain her, was probably what each man, step by step, imagined). [...]
For Marcello, on the other hand, whether it was his temperament that led him that way or other factors which came into play, it had become an obsession. [...] Let us affirm that Marcello was in love with Gisa: provided we put the emphasis on the particular sense involved in his affection. Sense, or better, organ. In conclusion, he wanted to see her naked like everybody else: save that he could not do without it, he had to.
Yet the girl seemed unapproachable, beyond the occasional social relations, and besides, Marcello was terribly shy; so that if he loved her, he loved her with little hope. (pp. 115-116)
This is how 'Misdeal' (originally 'Mano rubata'; literal translation: 'Stolen Hand') begins, and it is this obsession that leads Marcello, against his better judgement and his limiting timidity, at a gathering at an artists home, to propose a game of strip poker where only the victor is left clothed. Regretting his thoughtless outburst – his shyness creates yet another dissonance at the prospect of appearing nude before the others, the risk which he is taking to sate his obsession – he attempts to bandage it with an alternative way to fulfil the obligations of defeat with yet another thoughtless suggestion: He offers suicide as an option, and by doing so he introduces a whole other level of risk to the gamble. Now if any other person in the room ends up the victor his life is forfeit; his only possibility for triumph is a total one, unless she, the object-subject which validates the hazard, herself chooses the path of finity rather than of an infinity – that is how unforeseeable time is experienced – exposed. The first hand is not yet dealt and yet he might already have lost.
Attraction in dissonance with something else is a repeated theme in Landolfi's tales. In the first of the volume, 'The Mute' (orig. 'La muta'), he creates what could be seen as an allegory to art. The mesmerisation of visual and conceptual perfection, beauty if you will, conflicts with the urge to possess – in this tale the protagonist, an elderly man, observes a girl or a woman of a teenage age where this distinction between states is blurred, who he learns is deprived of the ability to speak, and in her he perceives something so immaculate that his fascination with her grows to the point where it is no longer possible for him to remain a mere observer, if he was to leaver her unowned someone else might take the role as possessor and thus the perfection would be forever lost to him – but every effect caused on such beauty can only serve to alter it from its peak point of perfection, it would serve to mar, and as possession is in essence the dragging of an object through the mud of one's personalised life and space, so will an object of perfection suffer in accordance. This is a point which museums have already understood and thus hang paintings undisturbed and, above all, disowned, on naked walls rather than next to family photos or a vase which was once received as a Christmas present. And when such understanding is cast aside, what is to become of the image which the protagonist has of the mute? – all the potential solutions are dark roads and in neither can his dissonance be truly resolved.
(A comment to my art allegory, which is necessary to make: It is of course entirely my own and should be seen as an approach by which I attempt to recreate the curious image with which this tale leaves the reader, rather than as the intent of the author. As Rosenthal (the translator) warns us in the introduction, “the reader who reads this book without undue cultural apprehensions will be on a surer track than the reader, or critic, who searches for mysterious meanings or hidden patterns” (p. vii), and this warning does seem warranted. Landolfi has a laborious language which does not lend itself to quick reading, and with a slow reading pace comes the time to ponder. There is here a danger of misattribution, of thinking that because one has reached conclusions that seem in coherence with the text therefore they must have been intended by the writer. Quite the contrary it seems that Landolfi had no high thoughts of those who flattered their intellect by seeking occult meanings that were never there to begin with, and thus he did not fill his stories with them. In other words, the reader's conclusions are likely the readers own – and quite frankly there is something liberating and empowering in that.)
Gambling is a pastime which Landolfi knew well, and many of his stories are characterized by this. I have already mentioned 'Misdeal', but the authors own obsession with it is most apparent in the tales that attempt to explain what a gambler is, of which the most dedicated to the task are the nine pages of 'Venetian Dialogue' (orig. 'Dialogo veneziano'). In it the gambler, defending his vocation to a man claiming to be the Doge of Venice, answers his inquiries with this: ”Thinking it over, the only precise answer to your question would be that: I gamble to lose” (p. 200), which he later qualifies with this: ”My friend (forgive me if I call you that, if by any chance you are the Doge of Venice), my friend, you can take it as certain that to lose is man's true vocation. Not only at gambling, or not only at the gambling that one does here” (pp. 200-201). He then continues to explain the vulgarity of winning, but not in a manner worthy of Plato's dialogues. Landolfi's dialogues are between humans as opposed to philosophers, or you could say they may aim for precision in their sayings, but, due to the limitations imposed by the suddenness of the situation, remain too imprecise to obtain accurate conclusions by. The result of this is another thing which Landolfi masters and uses frequently, the ability to leave the reader with an idea akin to: “I think I have understood what I was supposed to understand”, but at the same time being unable to point out exactly why one understands it or find proof that this is definitely how one should do so. Or as the protagonist of 'Fable' (orig. 'Favola') admits: “What can I say? I'm sure that I won't find the right words” (p. 108), yet, in the end, we readers somehow, and somewhat inexplicably, understand what the lesson of the fable is.
The longest tale of the book is the title tale, 'Cancerqueen' (orig. 'Cancroregina'), where we're treated to another of the author's favourite topics: madness, and in particular the descent thereto. It was written in 1950 (released as part of the collection Racconti in 1961) and thus predates the lunar landing by quite a few years, yet it is to the moon which the vessel Cancerqueen is supposed to make the journey. The inventor was a genius who either always had or developed a strong psychosis with a penchant towards violence, who has now escaped the mental institution where he was held and promptly turned up at the house of the protagonist to recruit him to the journey. The Cancerqueen turned out to be a queer vessel: potentially sentient and mocking, but capable of the impossible if you only knew what dials and levers to manipulate, and what whispered words would coerce it; it was either caused by madness or causing it, or potentially both, and maybe it was just ”a large object of bizarre form that emitted a different quality of light” (p. 66) but then why did it it squat there, ”quietly looking at us with a thousand eyes” (ibid.) if there was nothing inside there who looked? As hinted, the journey is as much a descent as it is an ascent, and the genre choice of weird science-fiction adds new dimensions to a topic already so well travelled and explored by Poe and those inspired by his works. Amongst the instruments which Landolfi used to portray the descent is the deterioration of the memory of poetry; the first reference is to a poem called 'News from Mount Amiata' (orig. 'Notizie dall'Amiata') by Eugenio Montale – this should come with the slight bit of information that the translation which is found in the story seems to be by the translator of this book as this reviewer was unable to locate this translation anywhere else, but it should be mentioned that there are other translations which the interested reader may turn to in order to get the context of the quote, and that the poem would also be of further interest since it was the inspiration for the short story – the remaining quotes are all lifted from Landolfi's own poetry in different states of decay. In this and in other ways, the descent is as unusual as its circumstances, and as strange as the vessel which is so essential to it.
Landolfi was a purveyor of advanced emotional states, and this collection showcases a great many of them, which he then explored the consequences of in a manner which has caused some to compare his works to Kafka's: He took feelings and ideas whose co-existence in the same individual is not just believable, the combination must surely be a reality in someone, and then convincingly carved situations of an inescapable nature, where almost no other path can be conceived than an ill-fated one. Then again, this is also a misleading comparison: Landolfi's stories do not necessarily end on this ill fate and therein lies the hook for many of them; a great few tales end on surprising twists which could be conceived as 'good endings,' and one could therefore never take for granted that the dark premonitions of the tale come true. Chiaroscuro is after all not just darkness but also the light which serves to accentuate it.
Cancerqueen is the rarest of the collections that have been translated to English, and a decent copy often fetches around 30 US dollars, which makes it as expensive as the translation of the novelette An Autumn Story. Therefore, unless one of the stories particular to this volume has caught your eye, I would recommend aiming for either of the the cheaper collections: Gogol's Wife & Other Stories and Words in Commotion and Other Stories. In any case, Landolfi's authorship is a relatively underappreciated one outside of Italy, and for those who want their tales to be well-written but unusual (and preferably a bit dark), his is one of the safe bets to look for. And if you buy a copy and dislike it – well, it is all a matter of gambling anyway.