Julie Guthman, “Neoliberalism and the Constitution of Contemporary Bodies” pp.187-196
p.190 – As Harvey notes in The Condition of Postmodernity (1989), several possible fixes for the crisis existed in theory, but none was all too pretty. Devaluations (which did occur, notably in the rust belt) are always politically fraught; macro-economic regulation of the Keynesian sort was exactly what the right was out to dismantle, and temporal fixes of infrastructural development (which displace the problem into the future) would only add to the debt problem. This left the spatial fix – the absorption of excess capital and labor through geographic expansion – as the last rocky of the roads to take, paving the way to “globalization.”
p.191 – Cheap goods made by cheaper labor (including the super-exploitation of third world labor) prop up the declining wages of the middle class; their spending keeps the economy plodding along. In other words, contra Fordism, which had at its core a social wage that upheld demand for Fordist manufacture, the low-wage economy actively produced by McDonald’s and its ilk makes people dependent on fast, cheap food. At the very least, disarticulated production-consumption relationships make super-sizing seem like a good deal.
Fast food becomes a double good fix for capitalism; not only does it involve the super-exploitation of the labor force, but it also provides an outlet for surplus food. Insofar as this surplus manifests in more body mass, the contradiction is (temporarily) resolved in the body.
Neoliberalism’s other fix is to create purchasable solutions to the problems that it generates. One solution, as others have noted, is to commodify dieting as well as eating. Jenny Craig and Weight Watchers’frozen dinners, the thousands of diet books, and pay-as-you-go group weight loss therapy all demonstrate that diets can be sold and bought. A related solution is to design food products that do not act like food. Products like Simplesse, the substance used as fat in low-fat ice cream, or Splenda, the low0calorie sugar, break right through the problem of inelastic demand. As implied by the brand names, the commodity simply passes through, enabling it to be consumed with no weight-gaining effect. For that matter, some of the newer pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements designed to reduce the body’s absorption of fat (along with essential vitamins and minerals) fulfill a similar function.
Dina Giovanelli and Stephen Ostertag, “Controlling the Body: Media Representations, Body Size, and Self-Discipline” pp.289-296
p.289 – Panopticism refers to surveillance and social control where people alter their behavior because they feel as if others are constantly observing and judging them. With panopticism, power saturates the self and invades every minutia of existence. Initially, the term “panopticon” referred to either crime or sexuality (Foucault 1977/78). More recently, it has evolved to encompass the mass media. We argue that “panopticism” has become so pervasive in contemporary societies that the mass media now engage in the surveillance and control of women’s bodies.
We treat television as panopticon and examine fat female depictions. We focus specifically on women because the media panopticon is infused with patriarchal beliefs, and therefore women learn to see and judge themselves through men’s eyes and according to men’s criteria (Mulvey 1975, Walter 1995).
Self-discipline and control though time and space reflect subjectivities thoroughly infused with patriarchy, where women’s bodies confer a status in a hierarchy not of their own making; this hierarchy requires constant body surveillance and maintenance, often taking form in self-disciplining practices. Such control requires docile bodies (Foucault, 1977) and cannot be maintained without the internalization of patriarchy, saturating the soul through unremitting surveillance. The media contribute to women’s self-control and self-discipline by serving as a panopticon, specifically a cosmetic panopticon. As a cosmetic panopticon, the media induce a state of permanent surveillance and judgment around concerns of physical appearance and standards of “beauty.” Women’s clothing, hair, body size, and movements are all shrouded in meaningful discourses and interpretive suggestions. Viewers are simultaneously reminded that violating expectations of physical appearance, perhaps by being fat and female, will be recognized and subject to gossip and discrimination. As such, the media tap daily into millions of women’s sense of self and warn them of the horrors suffered by those who stray from established definitions of femininity.
p.290 – The construction of being “appropriately” female transgressed the physical body and incorporates other markers such as personality and movement. Accordingly, a women must be smaller than a man, demure, and take up little space. Fat women are, then, the antithesis of what it means to be appropriately feminine. Bartky (1988) explains that women discipline themselves and their bodies to create what she terms “the ideal feminine body-subject,” where control is directed at the body in the areas of time (through constant surveillance) and space (through women monitoring the space that their physical bodies occupy), and is practiced though diet, exercise, posture, and movement. Women are constantly reminded of “appropriate” looks and style, which are then expressed in self-evaluations, behavior, and self-control directed at diminishing size and restricting movement.
This is especially true for fat women, who frequently develop a sense of self-loathing as a direct reaction to their internalized social expectations and pressures.
The media’s contribution to our understanding of the social world through representations happens in two distinct ways: the first is concerned with quantity and the second with quality. The quantitative focus pertains to frequency and asks how often social groups are represented in the media; the qualitative focus asks how often social groups are represented in the media; the qualitative focus asks, when social media groups are represented in the media, how are they portrayed?
p.294 – Fat women’s symbolic annihilation on television speaks to the media as cosmetic panopticon though its ability to pass judgment, stigmatize, and pressure people to manage their identity. The cosmetic panopticon reflects a hierarchy of patriarchy, socially constructed so that simply being female is stigmatized and advances certain self-discipline practices, and being a fat female is morally reprehensible and reason for extreme forms of body control.
p.295 – Eating disorders are often caused by, and symptomatic of, a number of interrelated psychological and social factors, and they pose numerous health risks, including cardiac failure, multiple organ dysfunctions, cardiovascular problems, abnormal adolescent development, and muscular atrophy (Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders, 2006). We believe that the cosmetic panopticon is partly responsible for the roughly eleven million people diagnosed with eating disorders. Fat female television representations reflect a hierarchy of patriarchy that suggests to viewers how females should look and act of they wish to be viewed positively. Females who stray will be stigmatized, scorned, and constantly pressured and coerced to adhere to specific body expectations. For many women, achieving such body expectations requires exercising extreme control over their emotional, psychological, and physical self.