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The Iliad by Homer
Homeri opera. Tomus II Iliadis XIII-XXIV continens
This is the second volume (Books 12-24) of the Greek epic poem The Iliad, composed, according to most scholars, around the 8th century BC and traditionally attributed to Homer. The story covers 52 days during the final year (the tenth) of the Trojan War (ca. 12th century BC).
The introduction, critical apparatus and index are written in Latin by David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen, editors of the Greek text of the poem.
The introduction, critical apparatus and index are written in Latin by David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen, editors of the Greek text of the poem.
318 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 751
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About the author
Homer
4,162 books7,152 followersHomer (Greek: Όμηρος born c. 8th century BC) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history.
Homer's Iliad centers on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles during the last year of the Trojan War. The Odyssey chronicles the ten-year journey of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, back to his home after the fall of Troy. The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic. Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally. Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the Homeric poems also contain instances of comedy and laughter.
Homer's epic poems shaped aspects of ancient Greek culture and education, fostering ideals of heroism, glory, and honor. To Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" (τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν). In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, Virgil refers to Homer as "Poet sovereign", king of all poets; in the preface to his translation of the Iliad, Alexander Pope acknowledges that Homer has always been considered the "greatest of poets". From antiquity to the present day, Homeric epics have inspired many famous works of literature, music, art, and film.
The question of by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed continues to be debated. Scholars remain divided as to whether the two works are the product of a single author. It is thought that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity; the most widespread account was that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.
French: Homère, Italian: Omero, Portuguese, Spanish: Homero.
Homer's Iliad centers on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles during the last year of the Trojan War. The Odyssey chronicles the ten-year journey of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, back to his home after the fall of Troy. The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic. Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally. Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the Homeric poems also contain instances of comedy and laughter.
Homer's epic poems shaped aspects of ancient Greek culture and education, fostering ideals of heroism, glory, and honor. To Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" (τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν). In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, Virgil refers to Homer as "Poet sovereign", king of all poets; in the preface to his translation of the Iliad, Alexander Pope acknowledges that Homer has always been considered the "greatest of poets". From antiquity to the present day, Homeric epics have inspired many famous works of literature, music, art, and film.
The question of by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed continues to be debated. Scholars remain divided as to whether the two works are the product of a single author. It is thought that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity; the most widespread account was that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.
French: Homère, Italian: Omero, Portuguese, Spanish: Homero.
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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
April 27, 2021
I studied Homer intensively as a student, did research on him and taught about him when I was working as a classicist, but this was actually the first time that I read the Iliad in my armchair instead of at my desk surrounded by learned commentaries and the first time that I allowed myself to go with the flow of the story and enjoy it for its own sake without frantically digging into every single detail. Reading the 552 OCT pages of stunningly fresh Greek like this was a breathtaking and extremely rewarding experience.
Although I’m aware of the so-called Homeric question and although I know that unity is considered to be an anachronistic concept when talking about the epics traditionally labelled with the name of Homer, I was amazed how marvellously well the Iliad actually works when one reads it as if it were a novel. It is a solid, very unified and well designed symphony around a single theme. It problematises the key values of the warrior culture, centred on honour and glory, by telling a story which couldn’t possibly end differently and which in the end produces only losers. Everyone loses and the losses are unspeakable.
It struck me how well the Iliad is written, even if ‘written’ probably is the wrong word. The narrative techniques, the handling of suspense, the character portrayal, the dialogues and descriptions, the tension and the details- it is all by no means inferior to any modern masterpiece of western literature. To say the least.
I was also astounded by the precision of the language. Even if the formulaic diction seems to presuppose a certain degree of standardisation and even if students learn not to weigh every single word of Homer as they would in a modern poem, one should actually weigh every single word, because Homer makes every detail count.
Most of all I was enchanted and moved by the humanity of Homer’s psychology. This almost three thousand years old song, born in a society that we would abhor, set on a bloody battlefield and singing of a brutal war that is not ours, manages to be miraculously soft, gentle and humane. That’s what’s it all about, actually. That’s why there is truth and wisdom in the Iliad. That’s why Homer is the wisest of teachers.
Although I’m aware of the so-called Homeric question and although I know that unity is considered to be an anachronistic concept when talking about the epics traditionally labelled with the name of Homer, I was amazed how marvellously well the Iliad actually works when one reads it as if it were a novel. It is a solid, very unified and well designed symphony around a single theme. It problematises the key values of the warrior culture, centred on honour and glory, by telling a story which couldn’t possibly end differently and which in the end produces only losers. Everyone loses and the losses are unspeakable.
It struck me how well the Iliad is written, even if ‘written’ probably is the wrong word. The narrative techniques, the handling of suspense, the character portrayal, the dialogues and descriptions, the tension and the details- it is all by no means inferior to any modern masterpiece of western literature. To say the least.
I was also astounded by the precision of the language. Even if the formulaic diction seems to presuppose a certain degree of standardisation and even if students learn not to weigh every single word of Homer as they would in a modern poem, one should actually weigh every single word, because Homer makes every detail count.
Most of all I was enchanted and moved by the humanity of Homer’s psychology. This almost three thousand years old song, born in a society that we would abhor, set on a bloody battlefield and singing of a brutal war that is not ours, manages to be miraculously soft, gentle and humane. That’s what’s it all about, actually. That’s why there is truth and wisdom in the Iliad. That’s why Homer is the wisest of teachers.
February 20, 2018
Reading the Iliad in Greek has been one of my life's goals. Now, after almost two years, I have completed the task! It has been an immensely rewarding experience. It will feel strange not to read my daily page each morning--the only remedy is to start re-reading the Odyssey!
The second half of the Iliad is where the most familiar parts of the story take place. Achilles still refuses to fight, so his boon companion Patroclus borrows his armor to inspire the men. He is successful for a time, but eventually Hector catches up to him and kills him. Achilles is inspired to re-enter the fighting to revenge his friend's death, culminating in his pursuit and killing of Hector. As in the first half of the poem, the characterizations are vivid and feel true to life.
Other highlights of this half of the poem include the description of the shield that Hephaestus makes for Achilles (to replace the one Hector took off Patroclus), which includes scenes of everyday Greek life; and Book 23, which comprises the funeral games for Patroclus, almost like a proto-Olympics.
The opening lines of the Iliad announce that it will deal with the wrath of Achilles. For most of the poem, this wrath causes him to sulk in his tent, far from the battlefield. Then the wrath leads him to mow down Trojans mercilessly until he finally kills Hector himself. Even this is not enough to assuage Achilles, who vows to dishonor his enemy's corpse. But then King Priam comes to beg for Achilles to let him take his son's body back to Troy for proper mourning. Finally Achilles relents and lets mercy overcome his wrath. The last we hear of the great Greek hero is that he is at last able to sleep, and with Briseis no less--the woman whom Agamemnon had taken away from him just before the beginning of the poem, an injustice that was the first cause of his wrath. Homer has taken us full circle.
Now bring on the Odyssey and more adventures!
The second half of the Iliad is where the most familiar parts of the story take place. Achilles still refuses to fight, so his boon companion Patroclus borrows his armor to inspire the men. He is successful for a time, but eventually Hector catches up to him and kills him. Achilles is inspired to re-enter the fighting to revenge his friend's death, culminating in his pursuit and killing of Hector. As in the first half of the poem, the characterizations are vivid and feel true to life.
Other highlights of this half of the poem include the description of the shield that Hephaestus makes for Achilles (to replace the one Hector took off Patroclus), which includes scenes of everyday Greek life; and Book 23, which comprises the funeral games for Patroclus, almost like a proto-Olympics.
The opening lines of the Iliad announce that it will deal with the wrath of Achilles. For most of the poem, this wrath causes him to sulk in his tent, far from the battlefield. Then the wrath leads him to mow down Trojans mercilessly until he finally kills Hector himself. Even this is not enough to assuage Achilles, who vows to dishonor his enemy's corpse. But then King Priam comes to beg for Achilles to let him take his son's body back to Troy for proper mourning. Finally Achilles relents and lets mercy overcome his wrath. The last we hear of the great Greek hero is that he is at last able to sleep, and with Briseis no less--the woman whom Agamemnon had taken away from him just before the beginning of the poem, an injustice that was the first cause of his wrath. Homer has taken us full circle.
Now bring on the Odyssey and more adventures!
August 17, 2025
Awesome!
I loved Murray's translation but I would not recommend it. It is as literal as it gets and thus keeps the beautiful strangeness of the greek.
I loved Murray's translation but I would not recommend it. It is as literal as it gets and thus keeps the beautiful strangeness of the greek.
June 30, 2014
Greatest epic ever written. A guy's book. Terrific on all levels. A must read by anyone who claims to be educated.
August 31, 2021
Simply brilliant. In the second half of Homer's epic The Iliad we see the wrath (incidentally, "wrath" is the very first word that opens the epic-poem) of Achilles on full display - and indeed it is mighty and many a knee it will have a-quaking.
After Hector slays many an Achaean, especially Achilles' dearly beloved Patroclus, the son of Peleus (Achilles) is stirred into action and the whole tide of the war turns against the Trojans. For example, towards the end of the tale, Achilles says, “….but Hector, son of Priam, I will not give to the fire to feed on, but to dogs.” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 507). It becomes a story of one man's revenge for the slaying of his dear friend. Up until that point, Achilles refused to take part in the war because of his disagreements with Agamemnon.
Fortunately, the gods protect Hector's body from decay and his father, King Priam, can retrieve the body by paying Achilles a hefty ransom.
Achilles is one guy you would not want to piss off. Here he is in full fury - Achilles to Hector: “Implore me not, dog, by knees or parents. I wish that somehow wrath and fury might drive me to carve your flesh and myself eat it raw because of what you have done……” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 479)
What was interesting to see was why Zeus would let Hector, a mortal he loved more dearly than any other, die at the hands of Achilles? Achilles' mother, Thetis, is a goddess loved by both Zeus and Poseidon. She was given to Peleus by the two male gods, and by wedding Peleus, Achilles was born. Zeus promised Thetis he would give Achilles glory, even though he was fated to die at the hands of Paris' bow at Troy. The logic used by the Greek gods was not always clear to follow. There are so many soldiers in this war who are partly or strongly related to one of the gods and therefore some come under their protection or 'aegis' (a word often used throughout The Iliad referring to some form of divine shield), while other mere mortals have to fend for themselves.
It is not revealed until the end that Helen was abducted by Paris 20 years ago! And that the war was now in its 10th year. Why did it take the Achaeans 10 years to reach Troy? (Apparently there was an earlier abandoned voyage).
The war is incredibly bloody and like any battle, brings countless sorrow, as it produces many widows and orphans. As Achilles says to King Priam (after slaying Hector and after Priam comes to reclaim his body): "For so have the gods spun the thread for wretched mortals, that they should live among sorrows; and they themselves are without care." (Homer. The Iliad: p. 601) I can hear the self-righteous atheists somewhere in the background screeching "hear! hear!"
What is interesting was how some of the gods like Pallas Athene (who reappears in the Odyssey as well - she just LOVES Odysseus) would come down onto the battlefield and assist by either protecting certain figures (deflecting thrusts of spears or breaking them) or rallying their strength and courage to do battle. The Greek gods were quite bloodthirsty it seems or "insatiate of war" to borrow a phrase Homer often uses - enjoying the spectacle of men slaughtering each other and at the end of the day, having various sheep and cattle and other livestock slaughtered in their honour. I wonder what they would have thought of animal rights groups or pacifists?
All in all, this is a fantastically spun tale by Homer, one of the most amazing storytellers of all time. The true greats of literature of ALL TIME!!!! are Shakespeare, Dante and Homer (plus a few others - Catullus is a potential candidate and maybe dare I say Joyce?).
If I had to choose one of Homer's epics over the other, I would have to say that in terms of language, they are equally beautiful but I slightly preferred the Odyssey, but only because of the amount of variety in the tale and the various vicissitudes and adventures of Odysseus never ceased to impress, surprise or amaze. I read the Odyssey first but I really should have started with The Iliad (Odysseus appears in this epic too although not as prominently as some of the other figures), then read The Aeneid (because Aeneas survives the sacking of Troy to go and found the great city of Rome) and then finally the Odyssey.
I plan to read The Aeneid sometime next month - it was written by the Latin poet Virgil, a completely different poet who came many, many years after Homer's time, but I am curious to see what happened to the sons of Troy after its fall.
Fantastic epic book - read it, read it, read it, goddamn read it!
PS - There were a couple of surprises in this story - there is NO mention WHATSOEVER of the Trojan Horse anywhere in this tale....? It must appear in another story - perhaps The Aeneid?
PPS - The death of Achilles is not mentioned either, although it is prophesied in several parts, including by his own mother Thetis.
The epic comes to a close, quite appropriately and in a dignified manner, with the burial of Hector among the Trojans.
After Hector slays many an Achaean, especially Achilles' dearly beloved Patroclus, the son of Peleus (Achilles) is stirred into action and the whole tide of the war turns against the Trojans. For example, towards the end of the tale, Achilles says, “….but Hector, son of Priam, I will not give to the fire to feed on, but to dogs.” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 507). It becomes a story of one man's revenge for the slaying of his dear friend. Up until that point, Achilles refused to take part in the war because of his disagreements with Agamemnon.
Fortunately, the gods protect Hector's body from decay and his father, King Priam, can retrieve the body by paying Achilles a hefty ransom.
Achilles is one guy you would not want to piss off. Here he is in full fury - Achilles to Hector: “Implore me not, dog, by knees or parents. I wish that somehow wrath and fury might drive me to carve your flesh and myself eat it raw because of what you have done……” (Homer. The Iliad: p. 479)
What was interesting to see was why Zeus would let Hector, a mortal he loved more dearly than any other, die at the hands of Achilles? Achilles' mother, Thetis, is a goddess loved by both Zeus and Poseidon. She was given to Peleus by the two male gods, and by wedding Peleus, Achilles was born. Zeus promised Thetis he would give Achilles glory, even though he was fated to die at the hands of Paris' bow at Troy. The logic used by the Greek gods was not always clear to follow. There are so many soldiers in this war who are partly or strongly related to one of the gods and therefore some come under their protection or 'aegis' (a word often used throughout The Iliad referring to some form of divine shield), while other mere mortals have to fend for themselves.
It is not revealed until the end that Helen was abducted by Paris 20 years ago! And that the war was now in its 10th year. Why did it take the Achaeans 10 years to reach Troy? (Apparently there was an earlier abandoned voyage).
The war is incredibly bloody and like any battle, brings countless sorrow, as it produces many widows and orphans. As Achilles says to King Priam (after slaying Hector and after Priam comes to reclaim his body): "For so have the gods spun the thread for wretched mortals, that they should live among sorrows; and they themselves are without care." (Homer. The Iliad: p. 601) I can hear the self-righteous atheists somewhere in the background screeching "hear! hear!"
What is interesting was how some of the gods like Pallas Athene (who reappears in the Odyssey as well - she just LOVES Odysseus) would come down onto the battlefield and assist by either protecting certain figures (deflecting thrusts of spears or breaking them) or rallying their strength and courage to do battle. The Greek gods were quite bloodthirsty it seems or "insatiate of war" to borrow a phrase Homer often uses - enjoying the spectacle of men slaughtering each other and at the end of the day, having various sheep and cattle and other livestock slaughtered in their honour. I wonder what they would have thought of animal rights groups or pacifists?
All in all, this is a fantastically spun tale by Homer, one of the most amazing storytellers of all time. The true greats of literature of ALL TIME!!!! are Shakespeare, Dante and Homer (plus a few others - Catullus is a potential candidate and maybe dare I say Joyce?).
If I had to choose one of Homer's epics over the other, I would have to say that in terms of language, they are equally beautiful but I slightly preferred the Odyssey, but only because of the amount of variety in the tale and the various vicissitudes and adventures of Odysseus never ceased to impress, surprise or amaze. I read the Odyssey first but I really should have started with The Iliad (Odysseus appears in this epic too although not as prominently as some of the other figures), then read The Aeneid (because Aeneas survives the sacking of Troy to go and found the great city of Rome) and then finally the Odyssey.
I plan to read The Aeneid sometime next month - it was written by the Latin poet Virgil, a completely different poet who came many, many years after Homer's time, but I am curious to see what happened to the sons of Troy after its fall.
Fantastic epic book - read it, read it, read it, goddamn read it!
PS - There were a couple of surprises in this story - there is NO mention WHATSOEVER of the Trojan Horse anywhere in this tale....? It must appear in another story - perhaps The Aeneid?
PPS - The death of Achilles is not mentioned either, although it is prophesied in several parts, including by his own mother Thetis.
The epic comes to a close, quite appropriately and in a dignified manner, with the burial of Hector among the Trojans.
June 26, 2019
Enjoyed it, but it didn’t end like I expected.
January 13, 2022
The scene where Priam begs Achilles for Hector's body back is unbeatable in ancient literature.
December 17, 2019
Review originally posted at warmdayswillnevercease.wordpress.com
Beginning with an evocation of the Muses, the Iliad is a tale of war, pride, and fate. It’s a classic story which never seems to age, no matter how many times it is translated and reimagined. I don’t think I have much to say about the plot except that I enjoyed it. It had everything I love; Greek mythology, pseudo-history, and homoerotic subtext. Homer, whoever that was, focuses on a few weeks during the final year of the Trojan War but alludes to many earlier events, including the cause of the war. The narrative actually ends before Achilles’ death and the fall of Troy but the tale includes these prophesised events, resulting in an almost complete account of this legendary war. It’s a wonderful tale.
I did like the translation but, even though I’m used to using Loeb editions, I did think that it was particularly dry and stilted in places. Loeb editions give you a fairly literal translation of the original text which is handy when you need a literal translation but, sometimes, they’re not the most captivating books to read. At times, this translation just seems to lack style, flow, rhythm, and energy. Now that I’ve read a literal translation, I’m craving something a bit more artistic. Thanks to this particular edition featuring the original Greek and the English translation side-by-side, my ability to read Greek did improve for a short time but I’m back to being terrible at it again.
I do think that I’ll read another translation soon. I just can’t decide which to read. I’m stuck between a few but I definitely want to read George Chapman’s original translation, Robert Fagles’ translation, and Richmond Lattimore’s version. There are just too many to choose from!
Beginning with an evocation of the Muses, the Iliad is a tale of war, pride, and fate. It’s a classic story which never seems to age, no matter how many times it is translated and reimagined. I don’t think I have much to say about the plot except that I enjoyed it. It had everything I love; Greek mythology, pseudo-history, and homoerotic subtext. Homer, whoever that was, focuses on a few weeks during the final year of the Trojan War but alludes to many earlier events, including the cause of the war. The narrative actually ends before Achilles’ death and the fall of Troy but the tale includes these prophesised events, resulting in an almost complete account of this legendary war. It’s a wonderful tale.
I did like the translation but, even though I’m used to using Loeb editions, I did think that it was particularly dry and stilted in places. Loeb editions give you a fairly literal translation of the original text which is handy when you need a literal translation but, sometimes, they’re not the most captivating books to read. At times, this translation just seems to lack style, flow, rhythm, and energy. Now that I’ve read a literal translation, I’m craving something a bit more artistic. Thanks to this particular edition featuring the original Greek and the English translation side-by-side, my ability to read Greek did improve for a short time but I’m back to being terrible at it again.
I do think that I’ll read another translation soon. I just can’t decide which to read. I’m stuck between a few but I definitely want to read George Chapman’s original translation, Robert Fagles’ translation, and Richmond Lattimore’s version. There are just too many to choose from!
March 21, 2021
This book is a bit of a slog to get through but the translation flows well especially if read out aloud.
June 10, 2018
Any translation of Greek epic into English must suffer considerably, as the English language is ill-suited to the melody and vigor of Homeric or Attic Greek. That being said, a translator may yet save himself by imparting his poetry with a flowing lyricism and appropriate dignity to instill something of the original; Philip Stanhope Worsley achieves this feat and more in his translation of The Iliad.
To improve flow within his stanzas, Worsley eschews heroic couplets in favor of the Spenserian sonnet; the result is greatly appreciated and contributes considerably to the grandeur of the work. Worsley also presents his subjects with a vocabulary and diction worthy of the subject, reflecting the depth and gravitas of the original work.
I would strongly recommend the Worsley translation for anyone seeking an excellent English poetry version of The Iliad; those already familiar with Homer will benefit greatly from the added familiarity. Fans of Miltonian or romantic poetry will also find a great deal to enjoy.
Nota Bene: This volume consists of the last twelve books of The Iliad only.
To improve flow within his stanzas, Worsley eschews heroic couplets in favor of the Spenserian sonnet; the result is greatly appreciated and contributes considerably to the grandeur of the work. Worsley also presents his subjects with a vocabulary and diction worthy of the subject, reflecting the depth and gravitas of the original work.
I would strongly recommend the Worsley translation for anyone seeking an excellent English poetry version of The Iliad; those already familiar with Homer will benefit greatly from the added familiarity. Fans of Miltonian or romantic poetry will also find a great deal to enjoy.
Nota Bene: This volume consists of the last twelve books of The Iliad only.
January 4, 2016
I have read Homer before but reread it recently to rediscover the wonder of the Greeks and Trojans, Achilles, Agamemnon and Hector. It is a delight to wonder at the Gods and mortals and the role of fate in their enterprise. This mythic epic still speaks to us more than twenty-five hundred years after it first began to be recited by the poet Homer. After withstanding the rage of Achilles, the Greeks go up against the Trojans led by Achilles friend Patroclus. But, fate has decreed and with Apollo's help Hector brings the final blow down on Patroclus. At this point you realize why this poem has been read for millenia and loved by many. This translation is excellent for those who read Greek with the original Greek on the facing page for reference to the excellent English translation on the right hand page. In two volumes this is indispensable for enjoying the lives and battles -- the momentous occasion of Patroclus' death in a way that transcends the battle scenes and suggests it is the fabric of their life that has been rent - not just another battle death.
June 20, 2015
Finally finished re-reading the Iliad. I can't really add much to my review of the first half; although the later books have somewhat less stereotyped fighting and more of the pathos of Patrocles and Achilles, Hector, and Priam (and the comic relief of the fighting between the gods and godesses). I'm going to try to go on to read the Odyssey after I finish a few other projects; I've never read that in the original (my third time for the Iliad) and I want to do it while my Greek is still in my memory.
August 31, 2019
Second volume of The Iliad, -one of my favourite epics-, containing Books 13-24. A very good edition of the Greek text with critical apparatus by David B. Monro and Thomas W. Allen, who, besides this, wrote the introduction and the index (in Latin, as is customary in this Oxford scholarly editions).
August 18, 2017
A tradução plenipotente feita por Haroldo de Campos traz o texto direto do futuro grego de XIII aec, com um ritmo vertiginoso que faz as centenas de personagens de Thomas Pynchon parecerem dezenas, e envergonham qualquer cineasta gore por falta de sangue.
May 24, 2007
A little drier than the Odyssey in my opinion, but still decent reading material for a lazy week.
This is not quite the version I read.
This is not quite the version I read.
September 12, 2018
Edição excelente
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