Taking Flight: The Evolutionary Story of Life on the Wing, by Lev Parikian, is a highly accessible, highly enjoyable, and simply fun bit of popular science, as Parikian explains how the ability to fly evolved four separate times across a range of creatures (insects, pterosaurs, birds, and bats). For each of the four, Parikian, chooses a handful of representative groups to delve into some (not too much) detail, adding some personal storytelling and not a little bit of humor into the scientific mix as he does so.
In order, the 14 case study chapters cover:
• Mayflies
• Dragonflies
• Beetles
• Flies
• Bees
• Butterflies
• Pterosaurs
• Archaeopteryx
• Penguins
• Geese
• Hummingbirds
• Albatrosses
• Pigeons
• Bats
This doesn’t mean, though, that those sections cover those creatures exclusively, as Parikian makes room for a number of brief digressions into other examples, discussing for example cormorants, arctic terns, and puffins in the chapter on Albatrosses. Each chapter explains the best theories (sometimes conflicting given the dearth of fossils) for how and when the group evolved flight (or for some like penguins and ostriches, how and when they lost the ability), the differing mechanisms and physics involved in their flight, and the different anatomical structures and strategies.
The book is filled with fascinating detail. We learn, for instance, how insect wings may have evolved from gills, that mayflies are the only insects with an intermediary stage between larva and full flying adult, that “dragonflies with six-foot wingspans” are a commonly cited “fact” with no evidence behind it at all, that dragonflies have a successful kill rate of 95% when hunting and can control their wings individually, that the “sword-billed hummingbird is the only bird int eh world whose bill is longer than its body, and that flies repurposed their hindwings into “tiny organs, shaped like miniature golf clubs, called halteres, that acts like a gyroscope allowing flies to be the champion flyers they are, and much, much more. While some might think the anatomical details can be too detailed, I’d say Parikian knows just how far to take them. One’s mileage may vary on that, though certainly the book is not overwhelmingly dense or detailed.
Helping the science go down is Parikian’s winning voice, which sometimes offers up some lyrical descriptive passage, other times gives us a personal experience with one of the creatures he’s covering, and often just makes one laugh out loud. I did the last a number of times, including his description of flies’ ability to land upside down on a ceiling — “a defiant ‘f—k you’ to everything we think we know about gravity” — or when he threw in a Monty Python reference — “Their chief asset is speed. Speed and maneuverability. Speed, maneuverability and a fanatical devotion to the air.”
Taking Flight is an informative, engaging, accessible, and downright fun (and funny) work. Highly recommended.