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THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE
THE GRAMMAR OF SCIENCE (1900) 578 pgs, 2nd Edition
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
DURING the eight years which have elapsed since this Grammar was first published, the views expounded in it have undoubtedly met with wider acceptance than the author in the least anticipated. There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists. More than one professor of metaphysics has actually discovered that he can best attack " modern " science by criticizing ancient statements as to mechanism from a standpoint remarkably similar to that of the
Grammar. Step by step men of science are coming to recognize that mechanism is not at the bottom of
phenomena, but is only the conceptual shorthand by aid of which they can briefly describe and resume phenomena.
That all science is description and not explanation, that t
the mystery of change in the inorganic world is just as
great and just as omnipresent as in the organic world,
are statements which will appear platitudes to the next
generation. Formerly men had belief as to the super-sensuous, and thought they had knowledge of the
sensuous. The science of the future, while agnostic as
to the super-sensuous, will replace knowledge by belief
in the perceptual sphere, and reserve the term knowledge
for the sphere the region of their own concepts and ideas of ether, atom, organic corpuscle, and vital force of physical and plasmic mechanics. That this change of view as to the basis of science cannot take place without misunderstanding, 1 or without giving an opportunity to those who dislike science to decry its weaknesses, is only natural. To change the basis of
operations during a campaign always gives a chance to
the enemy, but the chance must be risked if thereby we
place ourselves permanently in a position of greater strength for offense and defense. If the reader questions whether there is still war between science and dogma, I must reply that there always will be as long as knowledge is opposed to ignorance. To know requires exertion, and it is intellectually easiest to shirk effort altogether by accepting phrases which cloak the unknown in the undefinable.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
DURING the eight years which have elapsed since this Grammar was first published, the views expounded in it have undoubtedly met with wider acceptance than the author in the least anticipated. There are many signs that a sound idealism is surely replacing, as a basis for natural philosophy, the crude materialism of the older physicists. More than one professor of metaphysics has actually discovered that he can best attack " modern " science by criticizing ancient statements as to mechanism from a standpoint remarkably similar to that of the
Grammar. Step by step men of science are coming to recognize that mechanism is not at the bottom of
phenomena, but is only the conceptual shorthand by aid of which they can briefly describe and resume phenomena.
That all science is description and not explanation, that t
the mystery of change in the inorganic world is just as
great and just as omnipresent as in the organic world,
are statements which will appear platitudes to the next
generation. Formerly men had belief as to the super-sensuous, and thought they had knowledge of the
sensuous. The science of the future, while agnostic as
to the super-sensuous, will replace knowledge by belief
in the perceptual sphere, and reserve the term knowledge
for the sphere the region of their own concepts and ideas of ether, atom, organic corpuscle, and vital force of physical and plasmic mechanics. That this change of view as to the basis of science cannot take place without misunderstanding, 1 or without giving an opportunity to those who dislike science to decry its weaknesses, is only natural. To change the basis of
operations during a campaign always gives a chance to
the enemy, but the chance must be risked if thereby we
place ourselves permanently in a position of greater strength for offense and defense. If the reader questions whether there is still war between science and dogma, I must reply that there always will be as long as knowledge is opposed to ignorance. To know requires exertion, and it is intellectually easiest to shirk effort altogether by accepting phrases which cloak the unknown in the undefinable.
516 pages, Kindle Edition
Published May 21, 2008
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About the author
Karl Pearson
203 books27 followersKarl Pearson FRS (/ˈpɪərsɨn/) (27 March 1857 – 27 April 1936) (originally named Carl) was an influential English mathematician who has been credited with establishing the discipline of mathematical statistics.
In 1911 he founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London. He was a proponent of eugenics, and a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.
A sesquicentenary conference was held in London on 23 March 2007, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his birth.
When the 23 year-old Albert Einstein started a study group, the Olympia Academy, with his two younger friends, Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht, he suggested that the first book to be read was Pearson's The Grammar of Science. This book covered several themes that were later to become part of the theories of Einstein and other scientists. Pearson asserted that the laws of nature are relative to the perceptive ability of the observer. Irreversibility of natural processes, he claimed, is a purely relative conception. An observer who travels at the exact velocity of light would see an eternal now, or an absence of motion. He speculated that an observer who traveled faster than light would see time reversal, similar to a cinema film being run backwards. Pearson also discussed antimatter, the fourth dimension, and wrinkles in time.
Pearson's relativity was based on idealism, in the sense of ideas or pictures in a mind. He stated, "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind..." "In truth, the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world." (Ibid., Ch. II, § 6) "Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man." (Ibid., Ch. III, § 4)
Pearson achieved widespread recognition across a range of disciplines and his membership of, and awards from, various professional bodies reflects this:
1896: elected FRS: Fellow of the Royal Society
1898: awarded the Darwin Medal
1911: awarded the honorary degree of LLD from the University of St Andrews
1911: awarded a DSc from University of London
1920: offered (and refused) the OBE
1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
1935: offered (and refused) a knighthood
He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club.
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine, psychology and social history. In 1901, with Walter Frank Raphael Weldon and Francis Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal until his death. Among those who assisted Pearson in his research were a number of female mathematicians who included Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave and Frances Cave-Browne-Cave. He also founded the journal Annals of Eugenics (now Annals of Human Genetics) in 1925. He published the Drapers' Company Research Memoirs largely to provide a record of the output of the Department of Applied Statistics not published elsewhere.
Pearson's thinking underpins many of the 'classical' statistical methods which are in common use today.
In 1911 he founded the world's first university statistics department at University College London. He was a proponent of eugenics, and a protégé and biographer of Sir Francis Galton.
A sesquicentenary conference was held in London on 23 March 2007, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of his birth.
When the 23 year-old Albert Einstein started a study group, the Olympia Academy, with his two younger friends, Maurice Solovine and Conrad Habicht, he suggested that the first book to be read was Pearson's The Grammar of Science. This book covered several themes that were later to become part of the theories of Einstein and other scientists. Pearson asserted that the laws of nature are relative to the perceptive ability of the observer. Irreversibility of natural processes, he claimed, is a purely relative conception. An observer who travels at the exact velocity of light would see an eternal now, or an absence of motion. He speculated that an observer who traveled faster than light would see time reversal, similar to a cinema film being run backwards. Pearson also discussed antimatter, the fourth dimension, and wrinkles in time.
Pearson's relativity was based on idealism, in the sense of ideas or pictures in a mind. He stated, "...science is in reality a classification and analysis of the contents of the mind..." "In truth, the field of science is much more consciousness than an external world." (Ibid., Ch. II, § 6) "Law in the scientific sense is thus essentially a product of the human mind and has no meaning apart from man." (Ibid., Ch. III, § 4)
Pearson achieved widespread recognition across a range of disciplines and his membership of, and awards from, various professional bodies reflects this:
1896: elected FRS: Fellow of the Royal Society
1898: awarded the Darwin Medal
1911: awarded the honorary degree of LLD from the University of St Andrews
1911: awarded a DSc from University of London
1920: offered (and refused) the OBE
1932: awarded the Rudolf Virchow medal by the Berliner Anthropologische Gesellschaft
1935: offered (and refused) a knighthood
He was also elected an Honorary Fellow of King's College Cambridge, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, University College London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and a Member of the Actuaries' Club.
Pearson's work was all-embracing in the wide application and development of mathematical statistics, and encompassed the fields of biology, epidemiology, anthropometry, medicine, psychology and social history. In 1901, with Walter Frank Raphael Weldon and Francis Galton, he founded the journal Biometrika whose object was the development of statistical theory. He edited this journal until his death. Among those who assisted Pearson in his research were a number of female mathematicians who included Beatrice Mabel Cave-Browne-Cave and Frances Cave-Browne-Cave. He also founded the journal Annals of Eugenics (now Annals of Human Genetics) in 1925. He published the Drapers' Company Research Memoirs largely to provide a record of the output of the Department of Applied Statistics not published elsewhere.
Pearson's thinking underpins many of the 'classical' statistical methods which are in common use today.
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Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews
May 10, 2014
This book is amazing! I really like the geometric way of thinking which is very absent in modern statistics
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May 12, 2016once read i will share
March 30, 2017
A lot of stuff is examined and discussed, much of it regarding the taxonomy of science. I wish the author had given a little more time and effort regarding epistemological approaches to science. Somewhat memorable was a comparison of ideas about the priority, ranking, and relationships of the Sciences, according to Bacon, Comte, and Spencer. It was on Einstein's "to read" list, so I thought I'd give it a try. I bet he found it more interesting!
Displaying 1 - 4 of 4 reviews