An overall good survey of Spanish history.
With respect to medieval Spanish history, I think Tremlett tends to minimize the negatives of Muslim rule in Spain while tending to portray the various Spanish Christian kingdoms as backward, relative to their adversaries. However, this is not overly so.
The role of the Roman Catholic Church in Spain tends to be shown in a negative light, perhaps justifiably given that it did feature the Spanish Inquisition; however, there must have been some positives to the Church's role, given that it did give an ideological impetus and unity such that Spain could coalesce together more than the Muslim warlords and leaders so as to drive them out and eliminate them permanently from Iberia. I would be interested to see in my planned further readings on the Reconquista how history comes down in its evaluation of the Church during this period.
He does a good job covering the rise of the Spanish Empire and its long decline, culminating in a nadir when Napoleon occupied Spain outright, resulting in what is known to history as the "Peninsular War", but to the Spanish as the "War of Independence". The results of that conflict for Spain would be profound --- exacerbating and manifesting how riven with religious, political, and regional fractures and divisions Spain really had, but long suppressed.
Several times these exploded into fratricidal civil wars far more vicious than, prior to reading this book, I'd realized. In one such war, 130,000 Spaniards lost their lives. Clearly, the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) that most know about was really the denouement of a titanic struggle within Spain that had been simmering and exploding in lesser levels for generations.
By the 1880s, Spain had settled from previous violence into the "turno pacifico" -- the Peaceful Turn --- a sort of societal bargain within Spain in which 2 political parties, one conservative, one liberal --- neither of which was elected by a majority of Spanish society due to a limited electoral franchise --- would trade off power approximately every 2-3 years. It was a magnificent fete of managed corruption. Elections were managed by local "caciques" to make sure -- via intimidation or outright ballot box stuffing or bribery --- that national elections always went a certain way to favor whichever political party's turn it was to assume power --- regardless of actual voter sentiment. Such a system did provide stability and a cessation of violence. And because it was predicable --- a reliable timetable in which businesses, investors, and project managers could plan on. Such did greatly help in the industrialization of Spain --- and an explosion in infrastructure investments in roads and railways and other major projects. Yet, it had elements of a banana republic: professional politicians, not having to respond to public opinion, became brazenly corrupt, arrogant, and unresponsive to their constituents. This, in turn, led to the radicalization of the proletariat --- with Spain having the largest anarchist and communist movements and terrorist organizations in Europe.
The Peaceful Turn satisficed the present for a future in which Spaniards would become increasingly polarized. By the 1930s, it had devolved into a semi-fascist dictatorship under Primo de Rivera at the behest of the King, Alphonso XIII. But even a dictator could hold the lid on the Spanish boiling pot for only a few more years by then -- and the dictator was removed and the King driven from power.
A new Republic was born. But, by then, the damage was done --- Spain was broken between conservatives, anti-communists, monarchists, Falangists, the Church, and the Army on one side --- and liberals, communists, anarchists, atheists, trade unions, and regional separatists on the other. It exploded like never before into the Spanish Civil War --- a war that would prove a bloody prequel to WW2 in Europe.
The Nationalists under Franco would defeat the Loyalists, and, for 36 years, Spain would be under its longest serving dictator, Generalissimo Francisco Franco. Tremblett is generally dismissive of the Franco years. Indeed, they were not pretty. However, relative to the other European dictatorships at the time, Franco was, by far, not as vicious or bloodthirsty, a fact, I think that Tremlett overlooks. Franco did provide a respite from the violence and chaos that racked Spain since the time of Napoleon, and gradually grew the economy.
After Franco, Spain would transition to a democracy with a constitutional monarchy. That, in itself, is instructive. Those who committed crimes or atrocities under Franco were generally given amnesty while Franco's political prisoners were liberated. Unfortunately, the reality for nations transitioning from dictatorship to democracy is that successfully doing so means making the difficult decision to forego justice and evening the scores for past offenses in order to make it so that the dictatorial regime will step aside such that democracy may become established in lieu of it. How Spain transitioned from the Francoist dictatorship to democracy might be instructive for many other nations such as in Africa and South America facing the same difficulties.
In conclusion, an excellent book on Spanish history --- an excellent first book in which to begin my study of Reconquista Spain this year. I recommend this book for anyone interested in learning Spanish history!