What do you think?
Rate this book
Gentlemen Scientists and Revolutionaries: The Founding Fathers in the Age of Enlightenment
Science and experimentation were at the heart of the Founding Fathers' philosophies and actions. The Founders relentlessly tinkered, invented, farmed by means of scientific principles, star-gazed, were fascinated by math, used scientific analogies and scientific thinking in their political writing, and fell in love with technologies. They conceived of the United States of America as a grand "experiment" in the scientific meaning of the word. George Washington's embrace of an experimental vaccination for smallpox saved the American army in 1777. He was also considered the most scientific farmer in the country. John Adams founded a scientific society and wrote public support of science into the Massachusetts constitution. The president of another scientific society, Thomas Jefferson, convinced its leading lights to train Meriwether Lewis for the Lewis and Clark expedition; his Declaration of Independence was so suffused with scientific thinking that it was called Newtonian. Benjamin Franklin's fame as an "electrician" gave him the status to persuade France to help America win the Revolutionary War. Thomas Paine invented smokeless candles, underwater bombs, and the first-ever iron span bridge. In Gentlemen Scientists and Revolutionaries , Tom Shachtman provides the full story of how the intellectual excitement of scientific discoveries had a powerful influence on America's Founding Fathers.
272 pages, Hardcover
First published October 7, 2014
9 people are currently reading
483 people want to read
About the author
Tom Shachtman
71 books27 followersSince I always wanted to be a writer, I consider myself fortunate to have had my work published and produced in many forms—40 histories, novels, and books for children, plus filmed documentaries and TV dramas, poetry, plays, songs, newspaper columns, magazine articles, even a comic book.
My newest book (January 2020) is THE FOUNDING FORTUNES: HOW THE WEALTHY PAID FOR AND PROFITED FROM AMERICA’S REVOLUTION. This completes a trilogy of books on the Revolutionary Era; the earlier ones are GENTLEMEN SCIENTISTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES, and HOW THE FRENCH SAVED AMERICA.
My book ABSOLUTE ZERO AND THE CONQUEST OF COLD, about 400 years of research into low temperatures, became the basis for a two-hour documentary special for BBC and PBS. The program and my script for it won the American Institute of Physics’ science writing award for 2009. The book itself was praised by The New York Times Book Review as written “with passion and clarity,” by the Library Journal as “truly wonderful,” and by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution as “an absolute delight.”
Many of my other books have also received welcome critical praise. Library Journal wrote of RUMSPRINGA: TO BE OR NOT TO BE AMISH that is provided “a near-unprecedented glimpse into the inner lives of Amish society.” The Economist called AROUND THE BLOCK “a near-classic,” The New Yorker “A grand idea, splendidly executed,” and The Washington Post Book World “thoughtful, interesting … a good and useful book.” THE INARTICULATE SOCIETY was judged as “perceptive and disturbing” by The Washington Post, and by The Wall Street Journal as “a provocative examination of the American way with words.” Business Week labeled SKYSCRAPER DREAMS “fascinating history … the stuff of grand comedy,” and The New York Times cited it for “superb reporting on the industry’s wheeling and dealing.” “Fascinating … illuminating … stunning detail,” the Chicago Tribune wrote of THE GILDED LEAF (written with Patrick Reynolds).
I’ve also written books for children, including three novels, BEACHMASTER, WAVEBENDER and DRIFTWHISTLER, now published in several languages. My non-fiction children’s books include THE PRESIDENT BUILDS A HOUSE, about the work of Habitat for Humanity and, with my wife Harriet Shelare, VIDEO POWER.
My collaborations with criminologist Robert K. Ressler, the man who coined the term serial killers and knew more about them than anyone else, include WHOEVER FIGHTS MONSTERS and I HAVE LIVED IN THE MONSTER, both multi-million-copy best-sellers overseas.
My articles have appeared in The New York Times, Newsday, Smithsonian, and the Hoover Digest, as well as on the websites of The Daily Beast, Huffington Post, History News Network, and the Journal of the American Revolution. My occasional column for THE LAKEVILLE JOURNAL (CT), “The Long View,’ provides historical context to current events.
I am a lifetime member of the Writers Guild of America, a longtime member of The Authors Guild, and a former president of the board and current trustee of The Writers Room in New York City, an urban writers’ colony. I’ve also served as a trustee of the Connecticut Humanities Council, and of The Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area.
My newest book (January 2020) is THE FOUNDING FORTUNES: HOW THE WEALTHY PAID FOR AND PROFITED FROM AMERICA’S REVOLUTION. This completes a trilogy of books on the Revolutionary Era; the earlier ones are GENTLEMEN SCIENTISTS AND REVOLUTIONARIES, and HOW THE FRENCH SAVED AMERICA.
My book ABSOLUTE ZERO AND THE CONQUEST OF COLD, about 400 years of research into low temperatures, became the basis for a two-hour documentary special for BBC and PBS. The program and my script for it won the American Institute of Physics’ science writing award for 2009. The book itself was praised by The New York Times Book Review as written “with passion and clarity,” by the Library Journal as “truly wonderful,” and by the Atlanta Journal-Constitution as “an absolute delight.”
Many of my other books have also received welcome critical praise. Library Journal wrote of RUMSPRINGA: TO BE OR NOT TO BE AMISH that is provided “a near-unprecedented glimpse into the inner lives of Amish society.” The Economist called AROUND THE BLOCK “a near-classic,” The New Yorker “A grand idea, splendidly executed,” and The Washington Post Book World “thoughtful, interesting … a good and useful book.” THE INARTICULATE SOCIETY was judged as “perceptive and disturbing” by The Washington Post, and by The Wall Street Journal as “a provocative examination of the American way with words.” Business Week labeled SKYSCRAPER DREAMS “fascinating history … the stuff of grand comedy,” and The New York Times cited it for “superb reporting on the industry’s wheeling and dealing.” “Fascinating … illuminating … stunning detail,” the Chicago Tribune wrote of THE GILDED LEAF (written with Patrick Reynolds).
I’ve also written books for children, including three novels, BEACHMASTER, WAVEBENDER and DRIFTWHISTLER, now published in several languages. My non-fiction children’s books include THE PRESIDENT BUILDS A HOUSE, about the work of Habitat for Humanity and, with my wife Harriet Shelare, VIDEO POWER.
My collaborations with criminologist Robert K. Ressler, the man who coined the term serial killers and knew more about them than anyone else, include WHOEVER FIGHTS MONSTERS and I HAVE LIVED IN THE MONSTER, both multi-million-copy best-sellers overseas.
My articles have appeared in The New York Times, Newsday, Smithsonian, and the Hoover Digest, as well as on the websites of The Daily Beast, Huffington Post, History News Network, and the Journal of the American Revolution. My occasional column for THE LAKEVILLE JOURNAL (CT), “The Long View,’ provides historical context to current events.
I am a lifetime member of the Writers Guild of America, a longtime member of The Authors Guild, and a former president of the board and current trustee of The Writers Room in New York City, an urban writers’ colony. I’ve also served as a trustee of the Connecticut Humanities Council, and of The Upper Housatonic Valley National Heritage Area.
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
May 2, 2016
An interesting book. Very accessible and well organized. Enjoyable. The overall thesis of science forming our political system was weak and really unnecessary. What stuck with me was the fact that all these "gentlemen" had to put their interest in science on hold while they tried to get the country organized. Meanwhile the little science bee was buzzing around in their bonnets.
April 6, 2015
This book was an interesting book that retold the well known story of the American Revolution, but wove in the history of science and invention in the United States. I enjoyed reading about how the scientific thinking and understanding of the time helped shaped the foundation for our country.
September 9, 2025
The attack on science and research is reflected in today’s headline (2025 Spring to Fall). We see that in attacks on college campuses under bogus banners. It is also reflected in the budget, both in money being withheld from funding agencies—with the flimsy excuse of either being woke or anti-Semitic—and in the proposed budget cuts in the coming year. Federal funding agencies like NSF and NIH have been hemorrhaging staff, universities have cut programs, and professional societies have remained cowed.
In talking with other scientists, one mentioned how he’d like to write an editorial about how science is in the DNA of our country.
It was that thought that led me to this book.
The book’s content spans events in the US from a young Benjamin Franklin (early 1700) through the final days of Jefferson’s life (1826). It focuses on the well-known founder fathers, e.g., Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson; other fathers such as James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and James Monroe; and a cast of “Associate Founders for their scientific thinking, many of whom I was unaware of: John Bartram, David Rittenhouse, Tom Paine, Benjamin Rush, and Charles Thomson.
These men were living in an age of ideas, and where, the author states, “reliance on rational and rigorous logic, and on the need for experimentation, reproducible proof, and peer review—all aspects of a search for truth—were center to the Founders’ understandings of their surrounding and to their dreams and plans for the new country.” (p xv)
Many of them also fought against the European idea that the American colonies did not have the intellectual prowess to conduct critical scientific endeavors.
The author provides enticing anecdotes about the people mentioned above, from their childhoods into their adult lives. Many conducted extensive correspondence among themselves and with leading scientists in Europe (including Great Britain).
An early example of following the data was with the outbreak of smallpox in Boston in 1720. A technique known as a variolation—infecting a healthy person with a small sample of the virus, and keeping the person in isolation for several weeks—proved that those who had received this treatment were much more likely to survive and would be less scared in life. This approach was feared by many, and those who practiced this had to hide for their own safety. But the results told the story of its success.
During the early stages of the Revolutionary War, the fledgling US Army under the newly appointed Washington was suffering from an outbreak. Though Washington tried to get permission to use the approach, the Continental Congress denied him. Ultimately, to save his troops, Washington stated anyway. Ultimately, Congress approved the mandate. One historian credits this act as the most important of Washington’s Army career, since he saved an army that could continue to fight.
Later, it was observed that there were less risky ways to immunize people, via cowpox.
Fast forward to today’s current HHS Secretary Robert Kennedy, I wonder if he knows that vaccination created the nation we now live in?
In addition to many other unique inventions, often to respond to a need: Washington in improving agriculture, Jefferson in learning about the native species in the US to respond to a French scientist’s taunt.
In fact, the entire structure of our form of government was considered an experiment, based on research into different forms that had been tried in the past. The goal was to create a federation that maintained a democracy and that could also function. It was an experiment that could be observed and improved.
“The benefits of having science-minded individuals involved in the framing of the Revolution, in organizing and fighting the ware for independence, and in leading the American republish through its nascent phases had been many, and they were markedly formative and pattern-stetting. Underlying them was the recognition by the polity that democracy was compatible with and received sustenance from enlightened scientific thinking. The new nation’s citizens shared the sense that the country’s governance required what science demanded of its adherents, perpetual attention to facts and consideration of alternatives to its laws to encompass new facts and challenges. Also emerging was the sense that the future growth and prosperity of the country was interwoven with and tied to the continuing evolution of its science and technology. …
“The ability [of future presidents to enhance the United States] was enhance by their being able to rely on the tradition of science-influenced experimentation at the heart of the exercise of democratic governance, and on the linked expectation that each new generation’s accomplishments could and should surpass those of the previous ones.” (pp 214-215)
FB. An informative book, filled with many examples, to push back on the willful ignorance of today’s politicians. Exploration, facts, and science underpin our democracy.
In talking with other scientists, one mentioned how he’d like to write an editorial about how science is in the DNA of our country.
It was that thought that led me to this book.
The book’s content spans events in the US from a young Benjamin Franklin (early 1700) through the final days of Jefferson’s life (1826). It focuses on the well-known founder fathers, e.g., Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson; other fathers such as James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Aaron Burr, and James Monroe; and a cast of “Associate Founders for their scientific thinking, many of whom I was unaware of: John Bartram, David Rittenhouse, Tom Paine, Benjamin Rush, and Charles Thomson.
These men were living in an age of ideas, and where, the author states, “reliance on rational and rigorous logic, and on the need for experimentation, reproducible proof, and peer review—all aspects of a search for truth—were center to the Founders’ understandings of their surrounding and to their dreams and plans for the new country.” (p xv)
Many of them also fought against the European idea that the American colonies did not have the intellectual prowess to conduct critical scientific endeavors.
The author provides enticing anecdotes about the people mentioned above, from their childhoods into their adult lives. Many conducted extensive correspondence among themselves and with leading scientists in Europe (including Great Britain).
An early example of following the data was with the outbreak of smallpox in Boston in 1720. A technique known as a variolation—infecting a healthy person with a small sample of the virus, and keeping the person in isolation for several weeks—proved that those who had received this treatment were much more likely to survive and would be less scared in life. This approach was feared by many, and those who practiced this had to hide for their own safety. But the results told the story of its success.
During the early stages of the Revolutionary War, the fledgling US Army under the newly appointed Washington was suffering from an outbreak. Though Washington tried to get permission to use the approach, the Continental Congress denied him. Ultimately, to save his troops, Washington stated anyway. Ultimately, Congress approved the mandate. One historian credits this act as the most important of Washington’s Army career, since he saved an army that could continue to fight.
Later, it was observed that there were less risky ways to immunize people, via cowpox.
Fast forward to today’s current HHS Secretary Robert Kennedy, I wonder if he knows that vaccination created the nation we now live in?
In addition to many other unique inventions, often to respond to a need: Washington in improving agriculture, Jefferson in learning about the native species in the US to respond to a French scientist’s taunt.
In fact, the entire structure of our form of government was considered an experiment, based on research into different forms that had been tried in the past. The goal was to create a federation that maintained a democracy and that could also function. It was an experiment that could be observed and improved.
“The benefits of having science-minded individuals involved in the framing of the Revolution, in organizing and fighting the ware for independence, and in leading the American republish through its nascent phases had been many, and they were markedly formative and pattern-stetting. Underlying them was the recognition by the polity that democracy was compatible with and received sustenance from enlightened scientific thinking. The new nation’s citizens shared the sense that the country’s governance required what science demanded of its adherents, perpetual attention to facts and consideration of alternatives to its laws to encompass new facts and challenges. Also emerging was the sense that the future growth and prosperity of the country was interwoven with and tied to the continuing evolution of its science and technology. …
“The ability [of future presidents to enhance the United States] was enhance by their being able to rely on the tradition of science-influenced experimentation at the heart of the exercise of democratic governance, and on the linked expectation that each new generation’s accomplishments could and should surpass those of the previous ones.” (pp 214-215)
FB. An informative book, filled with many examples, to push back on the willful ignorance of today’s politicians. Exploration, facts, and science underpin our democracy.
February 17, 2020
Well organized. Dates could get a little confusing but he mostly kept it all straightforward. I liked the thematic approach: patents, disease, botany, astronomy, etc. it was fascinating to learn about the era from a different perspective.
December 11, 2021
Good information about the scientific enthusiasm in the time of the American Revolution and how it affected the ideas of the Founders.
November 8, 2014
This is a very interesting book that was well researched and corroborated with other books I have read about the founding fathers. This book put together how curiosity, scientific exploration and necessity played a role in the minds of the founding fathers, and the colonist in general, to decide to break from England. Thinking more about experiments and what results are achieved led to the concept of forming a different sort of government. A government of the people and the individual states being united in a common cause -- not wanting to be oppressed and control by a government.
The scientific experiments started out small but each new experiment built on the results of the previous ones. The common people were involved with these experiments, not just the educated elites, and read about them in the newspapers. This made science accessible to everyone and people started understanding the world around them a little more. It wasn't necessarily like the religious interpretations that was prevalant at the time. For example, in 1755 ministers declared that Benjamin Franklin's lightning rods cause the massive Cape Ann earthquake. Soon after the earthquake scientist were explaining possible theories of what causes earthquakes. The people understood the concepts and realized that lightning rods could save their homes from lightning strikes.
These initial "baby step" experiments led to economic growth once the United States broke away from England and had to be self sufficient. People started figuring out how to manufacture items instead of importing them. Then how to transport the items more efficiently. This was also how the country would prosper and pay off it's revolutionary war debts. All these early scientific ways of solving problems have been built upon to help our country grow to what it has become -- a leader in inventions, new product discoveries, and ways to make the next generation better than the one before.
Why did I give it 3 stars? This book was a very dry read to me. It would make me sleepy and I could only read a short amount at a time. Also there were numerous places where I had to reread the sentence or paragraph to understand what was being said. The sentence structure was confusing. It felt like the words were out of order. I did enjoy the subject and can see similar things playing out in our country today. Technology and science are ever changing and influencing our understanding and beliefs about the world. I do recommend this book just beware that it may take a while to read.
The scientific experiments started out small but each new experiment built on the results of the previous ones. The common people were involved with these experiments, not just the educated elites, and read about them in the newspapers. This made science accessible to everyone and people started understanding the world around them a little more. It wasn't necessarily like the religious interpretations that was prevalant at the time. For example, in 1755 ministers declared that Benjamin Franklin's lightning rods cause the massive Cape Ann earthquake. Soon after the earthquake scientist were explaining possible theories of what causes earthquakes. The people understood the concepts and realized that lightning rods could save their homes from lightning strikes.
These initial "baby step" experiments led to economic growth once the United States broke away from England and had to be self sufficient. People started figuring out how to manufacture items instead of importing them. Then how to transport the items more efficiently. This was also how the country would prosper and pay off it's revolutionary war debts. All these early scientific ways of solving problems have been built upon to help our country grow to what it has become -- a leader in inventions, new product discoveries, and ways to make the next generation better than the one before.
Why did I give it 3 stars? This book was a very dry read to me. It would make me sleepy and I could only read a short amount at a time. Also there were numerous places where I had to reread the sentence or paragraph to understand what was being said. The sentence structure was confusing. It felt like the words were out of order. I did enjoy the subject and can see similar things playing out in our country today. Technology and science are ever changing and influencing our understanding and beliefs about the world. I do recommend this book just beware that it may take a while to read.
January 13, 2015
Can you remember a time when the most intelligent people were the people that governed society? Neither can I. That's because we have never lived during such a time.
Tom Schactman's book examines the relationship between the founding fathers of the American nation and their relationship to the beginnings of science. While the late 18th and early 19th centuries were an important historical moment in history, great ignorance pervaded the beliefs and practices of much of the world. Some of the people who helped found the United States of America were also pioneers in science.
We've all heard about Benjamin Franklin and his kite experiment, and about Thomas Jefferson and his interracial sex. While such things were certainly worthwhile and informative, we can look back on them now and say that we should have always known the benefits of experiments...and of interracial sex.
Whereas, we can appreciate now the Jeffersonian invention of separation of church and state, we should also embrace the Washingtonian support of the earliest of vaccinations. We should laud Thomas Paine for his "Common Sense" and "The Rights of Man", but also his skill as an engineer.
While our modern political leaders are largely scientifically illiterate, our American forefathers were at the cutting edge. Can we return to a time where facts in the political and public sphere are more important than political opinion?
Disclaimer: This book was provided free of charge through Goodreads "First Reads" program by the fine publisher Palgrave MacMillan.
Further disclaimer: Any publisher that provides me a quality book free of charge will be referred to as a "fine publisher".
Tom Schactman's book examines the relationship between the founding fathers of the American nation and their relationship to the beginnings of science. While the late 18th and early 19th centuries were an important historical moment in history, great ignorance pervaded the beliefs and practices of much of the world. Some of the people who helped found the United States of America were also pioneers in science.
We've all heard about Benjamin Franklin and his kite experiment, and about Thomas Jefferson and his interracial sex. While such things were certainly worthwhile and informative, we can look back on them now and say that we should have always known the benefits of experiments...and of interracial sex.
Whereas, we can appreciate now the Jeffersonian invention of separation of church and state, we should also embrace the Washingtonian support of the earliest of vaccinations. We should laud Thomas Paine for his "Common Sense" and "The Rights of Man", but also his skill as an engineer.
While our modern political leaders are largely scientifically illiterate, our American forefathers were at the cutting edge. Can we return to a time where facts in the political and public sphere are more important than political opinion?
Disclaimer: This book was provided free of charge through Goodreads "First Reads" program by the fine publisher Palgrave MacMillan.
Further disclaimer: Any publisher that provides me a quality book free of charge will be referred to as a "fine publisher".
December 15, 2014
A look at the birth and early years of American science, and its interactions with the American Revolution and formative years of the United States. Many of the founders were personally involved in science and demonstrably liked it and it permeated their thinking and writing. But this isn't just about the founders, but about how the general awakening and scientific literacy of the public helped propel sentiments supporting independence, and how that same scientific literacy and curiosity helped spark the needed industrial and economic developments the new country required to truly achieve independence. Development of intellectual property rights for inventors was considered crucially important and Thomas Jefferson personally reviewed patent applications as Secretary of State. The struggle to get the patent system right reflects the strong consensus that America's economic and industrial growth depended heavily on inclusive growth, and they avoided using the term "patent" specifically because European patent systems were for granting monopolies. This example is also emblematic of the notion that the founders considered the actions of the government to be a great experiment, open for continuous improvement and revision based on feedback. The patent system certainly shows we don't have everything right yet.
January 4, 2015
I received a finished copy of this book from the publisher for review purposes.
This is a highly readable account of the contributions to science and technology by the founders of the United States of America and the role that science played in the success of the Revolution and the success of the new nation.
For example, George Washington's realization that the health of his troops was crucial to success on the battlefield resulted in his insistence that the soldiers be inoculated against small pox. While it is hard to prove that the war would have been lost without this precaution, Tom Shachtman makes a good argument for the importance of this policy.
While Strachtman covers the contributions in what we now think of as "pure" or "theoretical" science, the discussion of the practical applications of scientific thought is the real strength of this book. These were not men in ivory towers, these were field scientists--biologists, geologists, physicians, inventors, explorers--developing practices that would create a commercially viable country.
An excellent, well researched, look a this important side of the emerging USA. It includes an extensive bibliography.
This is a highly readable account of the contributions to science and technology by the founders of the United States of America and the role that science played in the success of the Revolution and the success of the new nation.
For example, George Washington's realization that the health of his troops was crucial to success on the battlefield resulted in his insistence that the soldiers be inoculated against small pox. While it is hard to prove that the war would have been lost without this precaution, Tom Shachtman makes a good argument for the importance of this policy.
While Strachtman covers the contributions in what we now think of as "pure" or "theoretical" science, the discussion of the practical applications of scientific thought is the real strength of this book. These were not men in ivory towers, these were field scientists--biologists, geologists, physicians, inventors, explorers--developing practices that would create a commercially viable country.
An excellent, well researched, look a this important side of the emerging USA. It includes an extensive bibliography.
July 19, 2018
This was a DNF for me, although it had nothing to do with Tom Shachtman. As a lifelong lover of Benjamin Franklin, I have read multiple biographies and histories about his life, political actions, scientific endeavors, and philosophies. Mr. Shactman's book was unquestionably well-researched, and well-written, though in parts it was a bit out of order. I wanted to like this book, and I think it will be enjoyable for anyone looking for an introduction to the Founding Fathers.
I received an ARC of this book in exchange for an honest review.
I received an ARC of this book in exchange for an honest review.
March 5, 2015
Using the correspondence of the Founding Fathers as support, Shachtman describes how the Founding Fathers were men of science as well as men of letters and gentlemen. It speaks of the founding of some colleges and how the required courses were changed in some others. While the book was interesting, some aspects were not, and I found myself losing interest somewhere in the middle. I did find the energy to read all the way through it though so...
I probably wouldn't read it again, since it is more history based than science based.
I probably wouldn't read it again, since it is more history based than science based.
July 14, 2015
This is a fascinating overview of the lives and scientific contributions of the giants of the new world Enlightenment. It doesn't only cover the big men of the day like Franklin, Washington and Jefferson but also Payne and Rittenhouse and the other minor scientific players. The discussion of early Virulation was fascinating and the history of the Patent Office fascinating! The only major detractor was that by following a chronological order, the story has a tendency to bounce back and forth between players rather haphazardly. But overall a very enjoyable read.
April 29, 2015
I was pleasantly surprised by this book. I had assumed it was a chronicle about science and the founding fathers. In fact it is an exceptionally insightful book of colonial times,mores and religion. It is interesting to see the great minds grapple to develop their own concept of God. It was also fascinating to see how these giants of their times dealt with and profited by technology.
October 27, 2014
The writer clearly did their research on this very intriguing tome. History comes alive in the exploration of the forward thinking of our Nations founders. This is a great read for anyone wanting to study the founders, or just someone interested in the history of science in this country.
March 8, 2015
Although it could be a little dry at times, this book shows that the Founders of this country were also scientists and incorporated their scientific knowledge in the setting up of the government and incorporating it into encouraging this country to grow.
May 12, 2015
Well-researched, but dryly written.
Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews