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336 pages, Paperback
First published February 26, 2003
… doctors and hospital administrators were asked to grade four cancer-screening programs. Program A reduced the death rate by 34 percent, Program B produced an absolute reduction in deaths of 0.06 percent, and Program C increased the patient survival rate from 99.82 percent to 99.88 percent. Under Program D, 1,592 patients would have to be screened to prevent one death. The doctors and administrators strongly recommended Program A, but, in fact, the four sets of numbers describe the same program.It's amazing how theological the subject of probability can be. Probability encroaches into the realm of occurances traditionally attributed to God's will. Some have suggested that mathematics, including the mathematics of probability, existed before the universe was created. In other words, mathematical truth is more enduring than atoms and photons. (Sounds like God to me.)
Just as probability shows there are infinite degrees of belief between the impossible and the certain, there are degrees of fulfillment in this task of being human. If you want a trustworthy distinction between body and soul, it might be this; our bodies, like all life forms, are essentially entropy machines. We exist by flattening out energy gradients, absorbing concentrations of value, and dissipating them in motion, heat, noise, and waste. Our souls, though, swim upstream, struggling against entropy's current. Every neuron, every cell, contains an equivalent of Maxwell's demon—the ion channels—which sort and separate, increasing local useful structure. We use that structure for more than simply assessing and acting, like mindless automata. We remember and anticipate, speculate and explain. We tell stories and jokes—the best of which could be described as tickling our sense of probabilities.
This is our fate and our duty; to search for, devise, and create the less probable, the lower-entropy state—to connect, build, describe, preserve, extend ... to strive and not to yield. We reason, and examine our reasoning, not because we will ever achieve certainty, but because some forms of un- certainty are better than others. Better explanations have more meaning, wider use, less entropy.
And in doing all this, we must be brave—because, in a world of probability, there are no universal rules to hide behind. Because fortune favors the brave; the prepared mind robs fate of half its terrors. And because each judgment, each decision we make, if made well, is part of the broader, essential human quest; the endless struggle against randomness.