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421 pages, Kindle Edition
Published April 15, 2025
In an unequal society where a few have more money and power than the many, the punishment bureaucracy is a tool for preserving inequalities. It maintains the social order by using government violence to manage the unrest that comes from unfairness, desperation, and alienation, and it crushes organized opposition against the political system. These functions explain why the punishment bureaucracy expands during times of growing inequality and social agitation. Throughout history, those who are comfortable with how society looks tend to preserve and expand the punishment bureaucracy, even though—and largely because—it operates as an anti-democratic force.
In general, we are far more likely to be harmed by wealthy people, the institutions that serve them, and people we know. But people in power suggest that the “real” threats come from bad poor people whose mode of living normal people cannot possibly understand or address other than through punishment. And the news uses the moral panic du jour—from violent crime to shoplifting, carjacking, public drug use, and juvenile super-predators; to car theft, fentanyl, and crack dealers; to people released on bail or people released on parole; to Central American migrants, etc.—to win support for increased funding for the punishment bureaucracy instead of providing care and safety for all human beings.
In general, powerful people in charge of public safety want us to think (1) that the problems of our society aren’t structural; (2) that they share our outrage at these problems; (3) that these problems can be fixed with little tweaks to the existing system rather than radical change; and (4) that they are doing everything they can to fix them. There are many ways powerful institutions benefit from masking their intentions, but one is paramount: it takes attention away from the longer causal chain of reasons for why our society looks the way it does.