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Reflexiones sobre las causas de la libertad y de la opresión social

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«Para Simone Weil, la acción política, incluso la acción revolucionaria, debe ser concebida como una acción metódica y racional -lo que equivale para ella a una forma de trabajo- en la que hay que esforzarse por evitar, en la medida de lo posible, que se desaten las pulsiones irracionales y la violencia.

La verdadera revolución es un himno a la vida, una manera de respetar al ser humano poniendo remedio a la explotación, a la opresión y a la injusticia, ahí donde se manifiesten. Si el fin de la revolución se autonomiza, es decir, si la revolución se torna un fin en sí, dejando de ser un medio para mejorar la vida humana, termina perdiendo su significado». (Del prólogo de Cristina Basili) Traducción de Íñigo Sánchez-Paños y Elena M. Cano

167 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1934

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About the author

Simone Weil

338 books1,857 followers
Simone Weil was a French philosopher, Christian mystic, and social activist. Weil was born in Paris to Alsatian agnostic Jewish parents who fled the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. Her brilliance, ascetic lifestyle, introversion, and eccentricity limited her ability to mix with others, but not to teach and participate in political movements of her time. She wrote extensively with both insight and breadth about political movements of which she was a part and later about spiritual mysticism. Weil biographer Gabriella Fiori writes that Weil was "a moral genius in the orbit of ethics, a genius of immense revolutionary range".

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Displaying 1 - 30 of 110 reviews
Profile Image for Lucy.
104 reviews8 followers
July 6, 2018
basically simone weil tweeted 'marxism is just another religion' and then every male french writer stole her tweet and got more likes
Profile Image for E. G..
1,175 reviews797 followers
December 20, 2016
--Prospects: Are we heading for the Proletarian Revolution?

--Reflections Concerning Technocracy, National-Socialism, the U.S.S.R. and Certain Other Matters
--On Lenin's book 'Materialism and Empiriocriticism'

--Reflections Concerning the Causes of Liberty and Social Oppression
--Critique of Marxism
--Analysis of Oppression
--Theoretical Picture of a Free Society
--Sketch of Contemporary Social Life
--Conclusion

--Fragments, 1933-1938
--Critical Examination of the Ideas of Revolution and Progress
--Meditation on Obedience and Liberty
--On the Contradictions of Marxism

--Fragments, London 1943

--Is There a Marxist Doctrine?
Profile Image for Justin Evans.
1,716 reviews1,133 followers
July 13, 2016
In some ways a strange collection--the central essay is excellent, and some of the little squibs associated with it here are good, but I'm not sure you need to read the whole thing. The earliest piece suggests that the 20th century would witness a new form of oppression based on bureaucracy; it could be tied to power, as in the USSR or fascist states, and it's perfectly at home in capitalism too, except it eliminates most of the (non-economic) benefits of the latter. What to do given all this? We must accept that the working class has been destroyed, that 'socialism' is a form of oppression, and accept that we live in a world of total alienation. Better to understand this, she suggests, and hope for something better, than stick our heads in the sand. Fair enough.

She then asks if there can be organization without bureaucratization, and makes a case study of Lenin's thought--hardly the first place you'd go now, but more understandable in 1933. The answer, unsurprisingly, is that Lenin's thought does not give us a model of organization without bureaucratization, because he sees humans as objects, wants the masses to believe rather than think, that is, to blindly submit to "science". Which sounds like a good description of most forms of 21st century government, with a few tweaks on the definition of "science."

The main essay is a bit more diffuse, but also a laudable attempt to construct a unified theory of oppression. Weil starts with Marx, but insists that he only theorized one kind of oppression, not oppression as a whole. It's important to know what we mean when we say "oppression," because any use of the language of "revolution" without a clear concept of the former is empty--revolution away from what?

So we have to know, is it "possible to conceive of an organization of production which, though powerless to remove the necessities imposed by nature and the social constraint arising therefrom, would enable these at any rate to be exercised without grinding down souls and bodies under oppression"? To know that, we must set up, as an ideal, a model of social organization that is free of oppression entirely--while acknowledging that such a thing will never happen. It's a regulative ideal. Given our objective conditions, what is the least oppressive form possible? And how do we get there?

She argues that "oppression is exercised by force," and spends some time theorizing what "force" is--which is very similar to a lot of Marxist and Frankfurt school thought on why, despite the possibility of meeting everyone's needs, we do such a great job of meeting only a few people's. Weil's theory of "force" allows her to suggest that there is a contradiction at the heart of oppression: the material bases of power are necessarily limited, but the race for power is unlimited. Conflict is inevitable.

She gives us one version of the regulative ideal, based on recognizing the importance of collectivities and collective action, but also the importance of individual understanding and action within those collectivities--again, very post-Marxist, a vision of "society in which collective life would be subject to men as individuals instead of subjecting them to itself." She concludes with a scathing portrait of 20th century life as pretty much the opposite of this.

The book ends with fragments and an essay. The fragments are, well, fragments, but with some great little bits included, particularly on the use of contradiction in thinking (which comes very close to Adorno's negative dialectics). The essay, 'Is there a Marxist doctrine?' argues that there isn't, and, more or less, if there was one, it would be Christianity. You might not agree with that, but her argument that there is not yet a Marxist doctrine is convincing.

Weil is a real treasure, and she should be taken very seriously by anyone interested in critical theory of any stripe. She isn't, because critical theory types have, in the past, tended to be secular humanists of the no-time-for-any-religious-people kind. She saw the horrors of the USSR--not in practice, which anyone could have seen, but in theory--far earlier than most French people, at least (and thus contradicts Tony Judt's constant carping about French intellectuals). She made theoretical innovations that nobody else managed for thirty years. And she can write sentences that don't hurt my eyes. A minor miracle.
Profile Image for Alejandra Arévalo.
Author 4 books1,884 followers
January 9, 2022
Me enoja mucho que este libro siga siendo tan actual, ojalá ya haya nacido la generación que le toque ver caer al sistema. Qué genial pensadora es Simone Weil
Profile Image for Ajeje Brazov.
950 reviews
January 24, 2018
"In generale, i rapporti di dominio e di sottomissione tra gli esseri umani, poichè non sono mai pienamente accettabili, costituiscono sempre uno squilibrio senza rimedio e che si aggrava perpetuamente; lo stesso accade anche nell'ambito della vita privata, in cui l'amore, ad esempio, distrugge ogni equilibrio nell'anima non appena cerca di asservire a sè il proprio oggetto o di asservirsi ad esso. Ma in questo caso almeno nulla di esterno si oppone a che la ragione torni a mettere tutto in ordine stabilendo la libertà e l'uguaglianza; mentre i rapporti sociali, nella misura in cui i procedimenti stessi del lavoro e della lotta escludono l'uguaglianza, sembrano far pesare la follia sugli uomini come una fatalità esterna. Appunto perchè non c'è mai potere, ma solamente corsa al potere, e questa corsa è senza termine, senza limite, senza misura, non c'è neppure limite nè misura agli sforzi che essa esige..."
"Qualunque siano le fonti dalle quali gli sfruttatori traggono i beni di cui si appropriano, arriva un momento in cui tale procedimento di sfruttamento, dapprima sempre più produttivo man mano che si estendeva, diventa poi al contrario sempre più costoso."
"La verità è che, la schiavitù avvilisce l'uomo fino al punto di farsi amare dall'uomo stesso; che la libertà è preziosa solo agli occhi di coloro che la possiedono effettivamente; e che un regime del tutto inumano, com'è il nostro, lungi dal forgiare esseri capaci di edificare una società umana, modella a sua immagine tutti coloro che gli sono sottomessi, tanto gli oppressi quanto gli oppressori."


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsE5N...
Profile Image for Sérgio Cruz.
69 reviews6 followers
May 15, 2024
Esta foi a obra que menos gostei do que li até agora de Simone Weil. A sua filosofia é muito profunda e interessante e o livro tem, do ponto de vista da condição humana do indivíduo, rasgos de elevada profundidade. A crítica ao marxismo aqui presente poderá ter alguns pontos de interesse, mas perde-se ao vê-lo como algo estanque, não fazendo sentido em muito do que li. O discurso é pessimista, por vezes contraditório e pouco fluído, tornando a leitura pouco apelativa ao longo de várias páginas. Estamos perante um texto carregado de utopia (ainda bem!), propondo todo um processo utópico para lá chegar, se é que o propõe sequer (aqui já preciso de muito mais), tal como a própria autora acaba por assumir.

David Graeber, antropólogo e intelectual anarquista, cujos livros me enchem as medidas, disse algures que "mais que uma Grande Teoria, poderíamos dizer que o que falta ao anarquismo é uma Base Teórica". Talvez este livro, ainda que escrito já em 1934, seja um bom exemplo disso mesmo.
701 reviews78 followers
September 7, 2021
Me alucina que entre las muchas cosas alucinantes que dice Simone Weil, estuviera hablando de robores y automatización del trabajo (y hasta de big data) en 1934. Está claro que volvió de su viaje a Alemania un poco trastornada y viéndolas venir:

“Si se pudiesen concebir condiciones de vida que no comportasen ningún imprevisto, tendría sentido el mito americano del robot y sería posible la completa supresión del trabajo humano por la disposición sistemática del mundo”.
(…)
“La historia humana es la historia de la esclavitud que hace de los hombres, tanto de los opresores como de los oprimidos, el simple juguete de los instrumentos de dominación que ellos mismos han fabricado, rebaja así a la humanidad viva a ser un objeto de la materia inerte”.
Profile Image for Lucía Martín.
100 reviews29 followers
February 18, 2025
Siempre tengo cosas que decir de los libros de Weil, se podría decir que es de esas autoras que no usan sus palabras a la ligera. Su tratamiento de lo social, del marxismo y de la revolución es una voz activa y enfadada, que reclama resignificación -de unos ideales que ya se han quedado obsoletos- y satisfacción -de la necesidad humana de libertad-. Estas páginas están plagadas de ideas, que sin saber como han llegado a nosotras, se encuadran en la forma de entender nuestra vida política. Sin duda es de los mejores textos políticos de la autora: Weil es siempre atemporal y necesaria.

Actualizando 18.02.25 - Releyendo para poder escribir el tfg click click click.
Profile Image for Francesca.
221 reviews27 followers
March 30, 2022
deducting a star because this was so dense and intellectual that it actually gave me a headache. a must read if you write essays on Marxist ideology.

Interesting propositions and majority Marxist critiques:
https://francesbeau.tumblr.com/post/6...
Profile Image for Mery_B.
822 reviews
December 22, 2019
Se dice a menudo que la fuerza es incapaz de doblegar el pensamiento, pero, para que sea verdad, es necesario que haya pensamiento. Allí donde las opiniones irracionales sustituyen a las ideas, la fuerza lo puede todo.
Es muy injusto, por ejemplo, decir que el fascismo aniquila el pensamiento; en realidad, es la ausencia de pensamiento libre lo que permite la imposición por la fuerza de doctrinas oficiales enteramente desprovistas de significación.
Profile Image for Spyros Passas.
15 reviews3 followers
December 19, 2017
This is really a phenomenally good book. The writing is impeccable, abstaining from elaborate verbalism (rather commonplace in texts of French theorists) and the concepts are treated in clear, systematic and rigorous manner. I'm not going to write anything on the content yet until I find some time to organize my notes.
Profile Image for Rose.
1,526 reviews
April 25, 2015
While I don't necessarily agree with everything she says in the text, I love her reasoning. With some philosophy texts I get the feeling that the writer has never troubled themselves to actually apply their theory to the world around them; Weil, by contrast, interests herself with looking at the evidence presented to her through the world. The only issue I had with it was towards the end, where she justified her points by making claims about god without ever explaining these claims. This I shall forgive, since the work is clearly unfinished, and perhaps she owuld have explained herself more, had she been given the time. I probably should have red the communist manifesto first, so that I was more familiar with it, so that I could decide whether her criticisms are fair...
94 reviews
March 20, 2020
Spunti interessantissimi in questo testo, validi anche nel contesto attuale di smarrimento e caos generale.
Profile Image for diego ✨.
154 reviews4 followers
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August 18, 2025

"El hombre no tiene nada esencialmente individual, no tiene nada que le sea absolutamente propio, salvo la facultad de pensar; y esta sociedad, de la que depende estrechamente a cada instante de su existencia, depende a su vez, recíprocamente, un poco de él, desde el momento en que necesita que él la piense, porque todo lo demás puede imponerse desde fuera por la fuerza, incluidos los movimientos del cuerpo, pero nada en el mundo puede forzar a un hombre a ejercer su poder de pensamiento, ni robarle el control de su propio pensamiento".
Profile Image for izad.
194 reviews33 followers
February 28, 2021
No me ha gustado mucho. Creo que tiene un discurso naive, burgués y contradictorio, por momentos me parece idealista, por momentos me parece materialista; matemáticas no, ciencia si; critica el comunismo, y el capitalismo; empatiza con opresoras y con oprimidas; es pro-individualismo (?); de repente cree en la idea de genia, y luego reconoce que no se llega hasta un ingenio sola... Me falta profundidad, echo de menos alternativas, y me sobra crítica.

PD: Empecé mal porque no soporto los libros cortos con sucinta introducción.
Profile Image for Josh Wade.
17 reviews10 followers
June 2, 2015
This is by far the most impressive brief analysis of revolution, Marxist thought, and the possibility, or lack thereof, of social change I have read in a long time. It is worthy of a much longer review which I'll write in the next few days. I am really glad I grabbed this book on a whim. I've heard of Simone Weil but until now my knowledge of her political thought was non-existent.
Profile Image for Sam McCabe.
31 reviews3 followers
April 6, 2018
Probably give it a 3.5 only cause she’s talking about specific historical economic things that I’m not familiar with as of this moment. Will probably revisit in the future though.
Profile Image for Beatriz.
41 reviews28 followers
March 2, 2025
"Em tal situação, que resta fazer àqueles que se obstinam ainda, contra tudo e todos, em respeitar a dignidade humana neles próprios e nos outros? Nada, a não ser esforçar-se um pouco por interferir nos mecanismos da máquina que nos destrói; aproveitar todas as ocasiões de suscitar o pensamento, onde quer que tal seja possível; favorecer tudo aquilo que, no domínio da política, da economia ou da técnica, é suscetível de oferecer ao indivíduo uma certa liberdade de movimentos adentro das peias de que o rodeia a organização social."
Profile Image for Angie Del Castillo.
118 reviews13 followers
November 23, 2025
Brillante ensayo sobre los cimientos de la opresión, la máquina social, la moneda, entre 0tras; grosso modo, un análisis de la problemática inherente al sistema capitalista a la vez que cuestiona la potencialidad predictiva sobre la teoría marxista. En conjunto, escrito y explicado de forma muy coherente, lo que permite ver la alta capacidad de razonamiento de la autora, así como su profunda conexión con el sufrimiento ajeno.
Profile Image for gretafasurf ☆.
82 reviews10 followers
February 24, 2024
Lettura illuminante e molto stimolante, riflessioni molto attuali anche per il nostro tempo. Un primo approccio a Simone Weil che me l'ha sicuramente fatta apprezzare molto 🧚🏻‍♀️💗
Profile Image for Obeida Takriti.
394 reviews54 followers
January 24, 2021
لا يزال لدينا الكثير لنفهمه عن القمع والحرية..
بمقالات نقدية وفلسفية، تعطينا الكاتبة نظرة جديدة للمجتمع..
كما ترسم بعض الملامح للتغيير..
Profile Image for Noèlia.
122 reviews19 followers
March 13, 2023
«Todo lo que normalmente parece constituir una razón para vivir se desvanece»
Profile Image for Colette.
113 reviews
August 12, 2024
Pas été très concentrée (pour cause de plage et famille), mais je suis globalement déçue, je m'attendais à beaucoup. Il y a des choses qui me parlent (la critique des mots magiques du marxisme, des systèmes centralisés et déréalisés par exemple, la réflexion sur l'utopie), mais aussi d'autres où je suis totalement pas d'accord (sa manière de présenter l'intérêt des sciences, le défaitisme proclamé quant aux possibilités de résistance ou de protestation contre les oppressions). Je pense que je suis passée à côté du texte. Je n'ai pas du tout compris comment elle défendait quelque chose de commun alors qu'il m'a semblé que tout était hyper individualiste pour finir ; ou comment elle pouvait être moins idéaliste que les marxistes qu'elle critique, alors que l'idée de société juste qu'elle présente est hyper idéaliste ; ou comment elle défendait une forme de lutte politique alors que j'ai surtout lu l'idée qu'il était inutile de lutter.

Moi j'étais fascinée a priori par la personne qui donnait tous ses sous aux pauvres et qui pleurait sur les sorts des malheureux (la chrétienne en moi I guess), je m'attendais à une réflexion intéressante sur les questions morales, et je voulais quelque chose qui me permette de penser à côté ou contre le côté bourge de Beauvoir, plus radicale, et en fait je découvre une pensée surtout chrétienne, mais dans le sens de l'abandon et de la défaite. J'ai l'impression d'avoir lu un texte m'expliquant, par des démonstrations un peu pétées, pourquoi il était inutile de protester contre les inégalités.

J'y reviendrai sans doute pour me refaire un autre avis après lecture plus concentrée...
Profile Image for Nil Codina.
32 reviews2 followers
June 24, 2024
"La complète subordination de l'ouvrier à l'enterprise et à ceux qui la dirigent repose sur la structure de l'usine et non sur le régime de la propriété".

"Les intellectuels ont malheureusement les mêmes privilèges dans le mouvement ouvrier que dans la société bourgeoise".

"Toutes les religions font de l'homme un simple instrument de la Providence, et le socialisme lui aussi met les hommes au service du progrès historique, c'est-à-dire du progrès de la production".

Sobre la tasca de dignificar el treball superant la divisió de l'especialització, crítica al marxisme com a religió del creixement i contra la pèrdua de la llibertat individual davant la col•lectivitat -i segur que moltes altres coses més que no sé explicar:) M'ha fascinat com d'actual és en una economia terciaritzada com la nostra (malgrat el text té 90 anys!)
Profile Image for misael.
383 reviews32 followers
August 11, 2023
Como claramente o entendeu Marx em relação ao capitalismo, como alguns moralistas o constataram de modo mais geral, o poder encerra como que uma espécie de fatalidade, que pesa tão impiedosamente sobre aqueles que comandam como sobre aqueles que obedecem; é ainda na medida em que esse mesmo poder escraviza os primeiros que vem abater-se sobre os segundos. [...] Conservar o poder é, para os poderosos, uma necessidade vital, pois que é tal poder que os alimenta; é-lhes necessário conservá-lo não só contra os seus rivais, como contra os seus inferiores, aos quais é impossível não tentar desembaraçar-se de perigosos senhores; pois, em ciclo vicioso, o senhor é temido pelo escravo apenas porque este o teme, e o mesmo se verifica reciprocamente entre poderes rivais.
Profile Image for Olivia.
3 reviews
September 1, 2025
Simone Weil gibt sich sichtlich große Mühe, die Arbeiterklasse zu verstehen, versagt dabei aber im Verlauf des Buchen so sehr, dass es weh tut. Sie beschreibt den Zustand de Arbeiter zwar ziemlich treffend, scheitert aber darin, auch nur irgendeinen sinnvollen Schluss daraus zu ziehen. Sie verfängt sich in einer Sackgasse, die weder Reform noch Revolution zulässt und will stattdessen nach einem höhergestellten Ideal suchen, das der Arbeiterklasse den Weg aus ihrer Lage weisen soll. Blöderweise ist dieses Ideal für den Menschen wahrscheinlich gar nicht zugänglich.

Am Ende findet sie sogar noch eine Lösung: Spirituelles Arbeiten. Was das heißen soll und wie es funktioniert bleibt offen.

Dieses Buch ist eine beispiellose Zeitverschwendung.
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for pat.
18 reviews
August 24, 2024
Que esta obra se escribiese hace casi 100 años me fascina y me entristece a la vez porque seguimos en las mismas: generaciones sin futuro, un imaginario todavía más intrincado del poder así como de su fuerza opresiva, siempre aplicando “un cierto límite de violencia” para no tambalearse. Muy clarificador para entender porque no avanzamos, creando una vibra tan deprimente que te dan ganas de chillar. Lectura obligatoria
Profile Image for Joan Roca Roman.
1 review1 follower
August 27, 2023
Va acabar a les meves mans per casualitat i ha estat un dels millors llibres que he llegit
Profile Image for Martina.
20 reviews2 followers
April 19, 2024
conclusión: ojalá llegar a ser tan inteligente a tan corta edad
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