The rules on constructive trusts form one of the most topical and controversial areas of modern English law on trusts. This wide-ranging reappraisal of constructive trusts regards the rules of trusts as instruments for the rational furtherance of three that one who has made a disposition in favor of another person should uphold that disposition; that one who has gained through another's loss should give up the gain to the other; and that one who has caused loss to another should repair that loss.