L'Imagination: Cours à l'Université de Chicago (1975)

by Paul Ricœur

En 1975, Paul Ricœur donne en anglais à l’Université de Chicago ce grand cours sur l’imagination resté inédit. En dix-neuf leçons, il relit l’histoire de la philosophie occidentale autour d’une opposition essentielle : d’une part, l’imagination reproductrice (picture, traduit ici par « tableau »), que la tradition a souvent critiquée comme illusoire et trompeuse, d’autre part, l’imagination productrice (fiction), qu’elle a souvent ignorée. Or c’est bien cette fonction créatrice de la fiction, dans sa capacité à inventer et à découvrir de nouvelles dimensions de la réalité, qui intéresse Ricœur. S’appuyant sur la peinture, la poésie ou le processus de la découverte scientifique, il propose in fine une véritable théorie de la fiction, en montrant comment celle-ci imprègne la pensée même et constitue le cœur de l’agir humain.
Avec L’Idéologie et l’Utopie (traduit au Seuil en1997), l’autre série de leçons donnée à Chicago en 1975, ce cours représente la réflexion la plus développée que Ricœur nous ait livrée sur la question de l’imagination, qui n’a cessé de préoccuper son œuvre, que ce soit dans son approche de la créativité langagière (La Métaphore vive, paru la même année), de la figuration du temps (Temps et Récit) ou de l’identité narrative (Soi-même comme un autre). Paradoxalement, Ricœur n’a pourtant écrit aucun ouvrage qui soit explicitement consacré à ce sujet, comme s’il avait voulu faire de la question centrale de l’imagination une question toujours ouverte et en travail. C’est dire si L’Imagination, accompagné ici d’un appareil critique complet, est une pièce maîtresse de son œuvre.

Traduit de l’anglais et préfacé par Jean-Luc Amalric

532 pages, Kindle Edition

Published March 15, 2024

About the author

Paul Ricoeur (1913–2005) is widely recognized as one of the most distinguished philosophers of the twentieth century. In the course of his long career he wrote on a broad range of issues. His books include a multi-volume project on the philosophy of the will: Freedom and Nature: The Voluntary and the Involuntary (1950, Eng. tr. 1966), Fallible Man (1960, Eng. tr. 1967), and The Symbolism of Evil (1960, Eng. tr. 1970); a major study of Freud: Freud and Philosophy: An Essay on Interpretation (1965, Eng. tr. 1970); The Rule of Metaphor (1975, Eng. tr. 1977); Interpretation Theory: Discourse and the Surplus of Meaning (1976); the three-volume Time and Narrative (1983-85, Eng. tr. 1984–88); Lectures on Ideology and Utopia (1986); the published version of his Gifford lectures: Oneself as Another (1990, Eng. tr. 1992); Memory, History, Forgetting (2000, Eng. tr. 2004); and The Course of Recognition (2004, Eng. tr. 2005). In addition to his books, Ricoeur published more than 500 essays, many of which appear in collections in English: History and Truth (1955, Eng. tr. 1965); Husserl: An Analysis of His Phenomenology (1967); The Conflict of Interpretations: Essays in Hermeneutics (1969, Eng. tr. 1974); Political and Social Essays (1974); Essays on Biblical Interpretation (1980); Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences (1981); From Text to Action (1986, Eng. tr. 1991); Figuring the Sacred: Religion, Narrative, and Imagination (1995); The Just (1995, Eng. tr. 2000); On Translation (2004, Eng. tr. 2004); and Reflections on the Just (2001, Eng. tr. 2007).

The major theme that unites his writings is that of a philosophical anthropology. This anthropology, which Ricoeur came to call an anthropology of the “capable human being,” aims to give an account of the fundamental capabilities and vulnerabilities that human beings display in the activities that make up their lives. Though the accent is always on the possibility of understanding the self as an agent responsible for its actions, Ricoeur consistently rejects any claim that the self is immediately transparent to itself or fully master of itself. Self-knowledge only comes through our relation to the world and our life with and among others in that world.

In the course of developing his anthropology, Ricoeur made a major methodological shift. His writings prior to 1960 were in the tradition of existential phenomenology. But during the 1960s Ricoeur concluded that properly to study human reality he had to combine phenomenological description with hermeneutic interpretation. For this hermeneutic phenomenology, whatever is intelligible is accessible to us in and through language and all deployments of language call for interpretation. Accordingly, “there is no self-understanding that is not mediated by signs, symbols, and texts; in the final analysis self-understanding coincides with the interpretation given to these mediating terms” (Oneself as Another, 15, translation corrected). This hermeneutic or linguistic turn did not require him to disavow the basic results of his earlier investigations. It did, however, lead him not only to revisit them but also to see more clearly their implications.