Per la pace perpetua

by Immanuel Kant, Giuliana Mancuso (translator)

I cannoni hanno da poco cessato di tuonare in Europa quando Kant pubblica il saggio Per la pace perpetua, scritto all’indomani del Trattato di Basilea che, nella primavera del 1795, ha posto fine alla guerra tra la Francia rivoluzionaria e la Prussia di Federico Guglielmo ii. Da profondo conoscitore delle teorie di Hobbes sull’homo homini lupus e di Lutero sul male radicale connaturato all’uomo a causa del peccato originale, Kant sa che gli individui e gli stati sono preda di istinti la guerra è la condizione naturale dell’umanità, mentre la pace è un dovere morale, un compito da perseguire. Il passaggio dalla guerra di tutti contro tutti a una pace universale e duratura non è però utopia; coincide col cammino dallo stato di natura, dove a governare è la forza bruta, allo stato di diritto, in cui legislatrice è la ragione. Pervaso dagli ideali dell’illuminismo e dallo spirito della rivoluzione dell’89, il manifesto di Kant conserva intatte dopo due secoli la forza di un imperativo etico e l’audacia di un appello a costruire un mondo in cui la politica si inchini al diritto e i popoli convivano pacificamente in nome dell’«ospitalità universale».

72 pages, Kindle Edition

Published March 15, 2024

About the author

Immanuel Kant was an 18th-century philosopher from Königsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He's regarded as one of the most influential thinkers of modern Europe & of the late Enlightenment. His most important work is The Critique of Pure Reason, an investigation of reason itself. It encompasses an attack on traditional metaphysics & epistemology, & highlights his own contribution to these areas. Other main works of his maturity are The Critique of Practical Reason, which is about ethics, & The Critique of Judgment, about esthetics & teleology.

Pursuing metaphysics involves asking questions about the ultimate nature of reality. Kant suggested that metaphysics can be reformed thru epistemology. He suggested that by understanding the sources & limits of human knowledge we can ask fruitful metaphysical questions. He asked if an object can be known to have certain properties prior to the experience of that object. He concluded that all objects that the mind can think about must conform to its manner of thought. Therefore if the mind can think only in terms of causality–which he concluded that it does–then we can know prior to experiencing them that all objects we experience must either be a cause or an effect. However, it follows from this that it's possible that there are objects of such a nature that the mind cannot think of them, & so the principle of causality, for instance, cannot be applied outside experience: hence we cannot know, for example, whether the world always existed or if it had a cause. So the grand questions of speculative metaphysics are off limits, but the sciences are firmly grounded in laws of the mind. Kant believed himself to be creating a compromise between the empiricists & the rationalists. The empiricists believed that knowledge is acquired thru experience alone, but the rationalists maintained that such knowledge is open to Cartesian doubt and that reason alone provides us with knowledge. Kant argues, however, that using reason without applying it to experience will only lead to illusions, while experience will be purely subjective without first being subsumed under pure reason. Kant’s thought was very influential in Germany during his lifetime, moving philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists & empiricists. The philosophers Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and Schopenhauer saw themselves as correcting and expanding Kant's system, thus bringing about various forms of German Idealism. Kant continues to be a major influence on philosophy to this day, influencing both Analytic and Continental philosophy.