A lovely account of Rabinow's fieldwork in Morocco in the 60s, alternating between sharing interesting experiences, stories that he has been told, and psychological and philosophical reflections on his journey, on himself as an anthropologist, and the nature of fieldwork. This way, in a limited sense, the reader gets to be an adventurous anthropologist by proxy, comfortably carried by the good and accessible writing.
At the surface, it was very interesting to learn about some concrete stark differences between western and Moroccan culture. In Morocoo, probing someone's limits and asserting dominance to get one's way are very normal, if not respected things, whereas in the west this is often considered rude. Also, Rabinow observed that rational inconsistency was less troubling to the Moroccans: keeping more options open (even contradicting ones) enables one to try their luck better. Gaining material advantage and "possessing someone" is, to them, perfectly compatible with humbleness and generosity.
A final striking thing I'd like to mention is that alone time was also considered very odd by the Moroccans, to the point of it being rude. Rabinow clearly struggled with this from time to time.
Of particular interest to me is Rabinow's comparison of the (then) more modern philosophical views of anthropology to more classcial and romantic ones. The anthropologist as the romantic adventurer who comes to study "the primitives"; the anthropologist as "passive [and neutral] observer"; and then, the modern anthropologist as an active agent, one that can only understand "facts" through their own subjective interpretations. If I'm not mistaken, we witness the influence of post-modernism here.
One core point of Rabinow is that the "passive observer" is an oxymoron. He argues that both the anthropologist and their informants are altered in the process. First of all, the anthropologist, like anyone else, has been born into a certain culture and perhaps religion, raised by parents who instill in them certain norms and values, in a certain time which codetermines much of the society and culture one is being shaped by. That's to say: the anthropologist is by no means merely a neutral observer. These preconceptions influence everything the anthropologist observes and interprets. On top of that, there is no way to actively partake in society while remaining absolutely passive. The presence of the anthropologist unconditionally influences those whom they interact with, rendering them an active agent. You are being changed.
The informants with whom the anthropologist works most closely provide them with much valuable information on the one hand, but with them in particular comes a great challenge. First of all, the informant needs to be able to objectify their own cultural, religious and other preconceptions. This requires a great deal of self-consciousness and the ability to reflect on oneself, but also the intelligence to overcome psychological and emotional hurdles that might arise, as well as the ability to explain whatever rationalization the informant has come up with. On top of that, they need to be sufficiently aware of the anthropologist's preconceptions, in order to make what one might call 'the right translation' necessary to convey their explanation such that it will be interpreted properly. It's almost as if the informant needs a "second consciousness" with which they experience life with an awareness of how the anthropologist might perceive things. The informant, therefore, is also changed.
I want to close with a rather large quote that I think highlights another of the key points Rabinow's book has taught me, namely that the facts "out there" seem so obvious. This, however, is often a naieve view. Rabinow writes:
"The passage from broad assertions- that neo-colonialism is the cause of poverty in Morocco, for example- to individual cases must be mediated by particular determinations, because otherwise there is no way to differentiate one village from the next, one country from another." (pg. 121)
Followed by:
"What seemd, to my own naive consciousness, to 'speak for itself' proved to be the most in need of interpretation." In this instance, the economic conditions could only be understood when the history of the religious, social, ecological, political and psychodynamic determinations were brought into play. The problem was to connect my abstract concepts with the immediately perceived realities of everyday village life. This could only be done by tracing particular mediations, which otherwise would remain sterile truisms. The rest of my fieldwork was devoted to that task." (pg. 124)
Rabinow has taught me a lot about what it means to be an anthropologist in a fittingly qualitative and experiential way. A great read indeed.