I might have misjudged Gauguin, just as I misunderstood Van Gogh. This is a well researched, detailed and balanced biography. My only complaint is that the author gets a bit carried away at times with irrelevant background stories, in an otherwise fascinating read.
Genius or pretender? Like Van Gogh, he never achieved great recognition as an artist during his lifetime. He did manage to sell some works though, but fetching prices well below Manet's, for example. He did rub shoulders with the Manet group of impressionists although his interactions were mostly with the post-impressionists. In this second tier group, he had enough of a reputation to attract disciples like Laval, De Haan, Sérusier and Bernard. Even with these, he had a love-hate relationship with each of them.
He had a successful career as a broker and with a wife and four, later five children, life was sweet. It was during this time of prosperity that he started to take an interest in art. Then came the Paris Bourse crash of 1882 and his perfect world fell apart. His financial losses started the break up of his marriage as they argued over expenses. But his spendthrift ways and their extravagant lifestyles had already laid cracks in the foundation.
Crusader or sex fiend? Gauguin supported women's rights. He was also an advocate for the rights of the polynesians who suffered under the colonialists, even going to jail because of it. Yet his actions were contradictory. His is most infamous for having sexual relations with teenage polynesian girls. In mitigation, there were also other teens that he could have bedded but resisted the temptation. Moreover, what he did was considered "normal" in those times and in that culture. Amongst them, Tehamana and Pahura also served as muses for his art. Also the slightly older Annah the Javanese. He received his retribution as they ultimately betrayed him. I feel that his biggest fault was abandoning his wife and children to pursue his painting career. He was more willing to sacrifice himself for his art, than for his family. He loved his children, but failed to provide for them. Despite the separation, there was no doubt that he continued to feel a connection with his Danish wife, Mette Sophie Gad. They never divorced. Mette was not a helpless, dependent wife either. She managed five children and kept her family afloat. Although not earning much, she was in demand as a French tutor in Denmark.
Gauguin was also blessed with other resilient, resourceful women in his life. Maternal grandmother Flora Tristan was a national heroine for women's and worker's rights (maybe that's where his instinct came from). After the untimely death of his father on route to Peru, his mother Aline also had to support the family on her own, albeit with the help of some dubious uncles. She did finally find stability with the wealthy Arosa, who would nuture the uncouth, rambunctious teenage Gauguin, also supporting his art career when he was older.
School was a difficult time for Gauguin, having to change countries and getting bullied. He was not interested in learning but he does credit his school in his development.
"I learned to distrust everything that was opposed to my instinct, my heart and my reason."
His time as a young sailor in the merchant then military navy would be transformational for him, especially physically. It also exposed him to far flung reaches of the world.
Bohemian or weirdo? He lead a bohemian lifestyle, unemployed, impecunious, itinerant, and surviving on goodwill and half-baked schemes (although not as harebrained as Van Gogh). He must have been a sight to behold, with his clogs and loincloth. I am a savage from Peru.
I learned that he was not just talented in painting, he was skilled in sculpture, ceramics, pottery, music and writing. In fact, it was from his writings that we have a more intimate view of the man.
Gauguin was a leader in the Symbolism movement. He certainly put a lot of meaning into each artwork. He was also heavily influenced by primitive art.
He painted many self portraits thoughout his career, each a reflection of his psyche at that time. He transitions from a quiet, impressionistic portrait, all the way to his final portrait, as an impoverished, isolated, broken man.
He had a great sense of humour and it was also reflected in his artwork. His irreverance for artistic norms, ribald approach and veiled jokes about his contemporaries were embedded in his artworks. Amongst his pottery works was a beheaded portrait pot of Schuffnecker's harpy wife.
There were many influences which shaped Gauguin's eventual style. As he spent his childhood years in Peru, the Moche culture and Peruvian mythology would be deeply ingrained into his thoughts. Manet's controversial Olympia 1863, exposing the sexual hypocrisy of the times, would be of great significance to Gauguin throughout his career. He also interacted with a number of artists. He found a mentor in poor, struggling, but earnest and fatherly Pissarro, although his real idol was Cézanne. Although Gauguin was good in trading, he was relatively hapless when it came to art exhibitions. Degas was the one who consistently supported him at his exhibitions. A pivotal moment in his career, was meeting the Van Gogh brothers in 1887. Theo would be his agent for a while. His most interesting and volatile relationship was with Vincent. Their time in the Yellow House is a story in itself.
From Paris to Brittany, Pont-Aven, Le Pouldu, to Tahiti and the Marquesas, his own unique style would develop.
Gauguin was self taught. He was interested in lines, shapes and colours.
He had played boldly with space, experimented with multiple viewpoints, flattened or lengthened perspective, worked on complex composition and managed to place both human figures and animals comfortably in their picture space.
He was interested in music. "Music was art as pure spirit, untethered from physicality"
Even in how different art forms work in synergy. Gesamtkunstwerk.
"Music remained subordinate to painting, because of its sequential nature."
Or how the brain handles diffferent sensory experiences. Synaesthsia, an interconnection of sensual experience.
"Literature he consigned to the bottom of the pile... words as limiting concepts... Text puts the reader in the position of a slave to thr author's thoughts."
"Sensation is freedom... what are the rules of the senses?"
Gauguin also suffered greatly. He had an unfortunate series of deceptions and letdowns. He contracted malaria, dysentry and hepatitis on his disastrous expedition to Panama with Laval. The worst event was his being assaulted in Pont Aven. Physically he started to decline from then.
Admirable or reprehensible? I am not sure now. But one thing is certain, I will never see Gauguin's artworks in the same light again.
Gauguin had always been an essentially sociable introvert. However much of an outsider he was, his understanding of humanity had never come from isolation, never from locking himself away, but from being among people while retaining the position of observer.
You wish to teach me what is within myself: learn first what is withín you. You have solved the problem, I could not solve it for you. It is the task of all of us to solve it. Toil without end; otherwise, what would life be? We are what we have been since always; and we are what we shall always be, a ship tossed about by every wind. Shrewd, far-sighted sailors avoid dangers to which others succumb, partly, however, thanks to an indefinable something that permits one to live under the same circumstances in which another, acting in the same manner, would die. Some use their wills, the rest resign themselves without a struggle. I believe life has no meaning unless one lives it with a will, at least to the limit of one's will. Virtue, good, evil, are nothing but words unless one takes them apart in order to build something with them; they do not gain their true meaning until one knows how to apply them. To surrender oneself to the hands of one's creator is to cancel oneself out and to die. Paul Gauguin, Avant et après, Atuona, 1903